Cultural history on a grand scale, this immensely readable book is the story of writing from its very beginnings to its recent transformations through technology. Traversing four millennia, Martin shows how the written word originated, how it spread, and how it figured in the evolution of civilization.

In pursuit of writing's origins, Henri-Jean Martin asks how much those origins owed to practical necessity, and how much to religious and social systems of symbols. He describes the precursors to writing and reveals its place in early civilizations as a mnemonic device in service of the spoken word. The tenacity of the oral tradition plays an important part in this history.

All written texts were normally read aloud well into the thirteenth century, Martin notes, and even as late as the eighteenth century the concept of "taking notes" was largely unknown to educated individuals trained in classical rhetoric and arts of memory.

The story of writing is also a history of technology, and Martin charts the progress of the written word from Sumerian clay tablets to papyrus to paper and the advent of the printing press. His discussion of technology and materials details the development of standardized writing as well, placing such innovations as spacing and capital letters in relation to the increased use and demystification of writing.

Paying particular attention to the technological advances that took place in Germany, Martin chronicles the growing importance of printing right down to its explicit role in the spread and success of the Protestant Reformation. He shows how these technological and cultural movements gathered impetus with the Industrial Revolution, when literacy became preeminent.

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Continuing on to the electronic revolution, Martin's account takes in the changes wrought on writing by computers and electronic systems of storage and communication, and offers surprising insights into the influence these new technologies have had on children born into the computer age. The power of writing to influence and dominate is, indeed, a central theme in this history, as Martin explores the processes by which the written word has gradually imposed its logic on society over four thousand years.

1. The summation of decades of study by one of the world's great scholars on the subject, this fascinating account of writing explains much about the world we inhabit, where we uneasily confer, accept, and resist the power of the written word.