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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of social Darwinism that emphasize competition and survival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the conscience, has been promoted through natural selection.
Mutual Aid is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism. It presents a scientific basis for communism as an alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Kropotkin considers the importance of mutual aid for prosperity and survival in the animal kingdom, in indigenous and early European societies, in the Medieval free cities (especially through the guilds), and in the late 19th century village, labor movement, and poor folk. He criticizes the State for destroying historically important mutual aid institutions, particularly through the imposition of private property.
Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.
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Previews available in: English Russian Yiddish German
Subjects
Social institutions, Cooperation, Social groups, Sociology, Common good, Consensus (Social sciences), Mutualism, Sociologie, Groupes sociaux, Coopération, Associations, institutions, Evolution, Association and associations, Public welfare, History, Social evolution, Social justice, Mutualisme (Économie politique)Edition | Availability |
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Mutual Aid; a Factor of Evolution
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
2018, Creative Media Partners, LLC
in German
0343829843 9780343829841
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
Feb 13, 2018, Henricus Edition Deutsche Klassik
paperback
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El Apoyo Mutuo
Mar 15, 2016, Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
paperback
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Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution
Mar 13, 2014, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
paperback
1497333733 9781497333734
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
2012, Dover Publications, Incorporated
in English
0486121534 9780486121536
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Mutual Aid: a Factor of Evolution
2012, Dover Publications, Incorporated
in English
1306338921 9781306338929
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034
Mutual Aid; a factor of evolution
Apr 23, 2012, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
paperback
1475035039 9781475035032
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036
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
2011, Trotzdem Verlag, Alibri Verlag
Paperback
in German
- 1. Auflage
393178651X 9783931786519
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037
Mutual Aid: a factor of evolution
Dec 03, 2011, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
paperback
1468023179 9781468023176
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La seleccion natural y el apoyo mutuo
2009, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
in Spanish
8400087860 9788400087869
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Dodo Press)
June 22, 2007, Dodo Press
Paperback
in English
1406536555 9781406536553
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045
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Dover Value Editions)
April 7, 2006, Dover Publications
Paperback
in English
0486449130 9780486449135
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046
(MUTUAL AID: A FACTOR OF EVOLUTION) BY Kropotkin, Peter(Author)Paperback on (04 , 2006)
2006-07-04, Dover Publications Inc.
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Mutual Aid (Large Print Edition): a factor of evolution
July 20, 2006, BiblioBazaar
Paperback
in English
1426414757 9781426414756
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048
Mutual aid: a factor of evolution / Peter Kropotkin.
2006, Dover Publications
in English
0486449130 9780486449135
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049
Mutual Aid: a factor of evolution
Jul 20, 2006, BiblioLife, BiblioBazaar
paperback
1426414595 9781426414596
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Mutual Aid: A Factor Of Evolution
June 30, 2004, Kessinger Publishing
Paperback
in English
1419135929 9781419135927
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
1999, Trotzdem Verlag
Paperback
in German
- Neuauflage
3900434271 9783900434274
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
1989, Trotzdem Verlag, Verlag Monte Verita
Paperback
in German
3922209327 9783922209324
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057
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Collected Works of Peter Kropotkin)
December 1988, Black Rose Books
Hardcover
in English
- New Ed edition
0921689276 9780921689270
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Collected Works of Peter Kropotkin)
December 1988, Black Rose Books
Paperback
in English
- New Ed edition
0921689268 9780921689263
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
January 1, 1987, Freedom Press
Paperback
in English
0900384360 9780900384363
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
June 1976, Porter Sargent Publishers
Paperback
in English
0875580246 9780875580241
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
1975, Karin Kramer Verlag
in German
- 1.-2. Tsd. [Nachdr. d. Ausg. Leipzig, Thomas, 1908].
3879560544 9783879560547
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
April 1, 1972, New York University Press
Hardcover
in English
0814745555 9780814745557
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Mutual aid, a factor of evolution
1972, New York University Press
in English
0814745555 9780814745557
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Pomoc wzajemna jako czynnik rozwoju
1946, "Słowo" i Spółdzielczy Instytut Wydawniczy
in Polish
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Vzaimnai͡a︡ pomoshchʹ sredi zhivotnykh i li͡u︡deĭ, kak dvigatelʹ progressa
1922, Kn-vo "Golos truda"
in Russian
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Vzaimnai͡a pomoshchʹ sredi zhivotnykh i li͡udeĭ, kak dvigatelʹ progressa
1922, Knigoizdatelʹstvo "Golos truda"
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1918, Izd. "Nauch.-anarkhistskoĭ biblīoteki"
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1913, Ḳropoṭḳin liṭeraṭur-gezelshafṭ
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1913, Ḳropoṭḳin liṭeraṭur-gezelshafṭ
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Gegenzayṭige hilf bay ḥaye`sun menshen: als a faḳṭor fun enṭṿiḳlung
1913, Ḳropoṭḳin liṭeraṭur-gezelshafṭ
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
1908, Theod. Thomas
in German
- Unverkürzte Volksausg.
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Gegenseitige hilfe in der entwickelung.
1904, T. Thomas
in German
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