The Comprehensive System began to take shape in late 1971 after the cumulative findings from a series of studies that had been initiated between 1967 and 1970 revealed that, although each of the five markedly different approaches to the Rorschach (Beck, Hertz, Klopfer, Piotrowski, & Rapaport-Schafer) had considerable merit, each was also flawed by features that could not be supported empirically.