CONTENTS
PART I. THE HOLY EUCHARIST
§ 1.— The Real Presence I
The Question Stated, 1 — Doctrine of the Didache, 2 — of Ignatius, 3 — of Justin, 5 — of Irenaeus, 6 — of Clement of Alexandria and Origen, 7 — of Tertullian, 11 — of Cyprian, 15 — of Chrysostom,
18 — of Augustine, 19.
§ 2. — Transubstantiation 25
Teaching of the Church, 25 — Indecision in regard to this doctrine before 1200 exaggerated by Batiffol, 26 — Teaching of Justin, 30 — of Irenaeus, 32 — of Tertullian, 33 — of Cyril of Jerusalem, 34 — of Chrysostom, 35 — of Gregory of Nyssa, 35 — of Ambrose. 38 — of Cyril of Alexandria, 39 — of Theodore 01 Mopsuestia, 40 — of John Damascene, 40 — The precision of the doctrine in the Greek and Latin Churches, 42.
§ 3.— The Institution of the Eucharist 44 A general survey of the new theories of present-day liberal Protestantism in regard to the LastSupper, 44 — Biblical accounts of the institution, 45 —
Spitta and Schweitzer, 49 — Andersen, 50 — Johann Hoffmann, 53 — Holtzmann, 56 — K. G. Goetz, 57 — Criticism, 59.
§ 4. — The Nature of the Sacrifice of the Mass 62 Renz's book on this subject, 62 — His concept of the mass the concept of Christian antiquity, 64 — Recent theories in regard to the mass, 65 — Renz's idea that the essence of the mass lies in communion untrue, 67 — His appeal to Justin, Irenaeus, Cyprian and Gregory the Great, unwarranted, 67 — Scripture affords us evidence of the sacrificial character of the Eucharist, 71 — Cyprian introduced no new theory of sacrifice into the church, 73 — Wieland-Dorsch controversy, 75 — Wieland's error in claiming that the celebration of the Eucharist in the primitive church bore the character of a common meal, 77 — Sacrifice proper something more than gift-offering, 81 — Examination of Wieland's main contentions, 83 — According to the N. T., 83 — The Didache, 86 — Clement of Rome, 86 — Ignatius, 87 — Apologists of the second century, 87 — Clement of Alexandria, 91 — Tertullian and Irenaeus, 92 — Conclusions, 94.
§ 5. — The Canon of the Mass 98 The Eucharistic prayer of the Didache, 98 — Justin's testimony in regard to the prayer of consecration, 101 — The recently discovered canon of Serapion, bishop of Thmuis, 102 — Derivation of the canon from the ritual of the Jewish Pasch, 106 — Derivation from the Jewish religious meal service, 107 — Origin of the Roman canon according to Drews, 110 — According to Baumstark, 111 — Funk's appreciation, 112 — Criticism, 113.
§ 6.— The Epiclesis 115 The universality and antiquity of the Epiclesis, 116 — The Epiclesis first a mooted question in the 15th century, 117 — Explanation of the Epiclesis, 120 — The teaching of tradition on the moment of consecration, 123 — Conclusion, 128 — List of Patristic passages on the subject, 130.
§ 7.— Frequent Communion in the Early Church and the Preparation Demanded for It 134 Sunday the regular day for the Eucharistic service, 135 — Daily Eucharistic sacrifice in Africa in the 3rd century, 136 — Likewise daily in the Western Church, less often in the Oriental Church, 137 — First utterance of complaints about the negligence of the faithful in receiving communion, 140 — Monastic rule of weekly communion, 142 — Communion in the homes of Christians, 144 — Eulogia, 145 — Communion to infants, 146 — Disposition of the soul for Communion, 147 — of the body, 149.
PART II. THE SACRAMENT OF PENANCE
§ 8.— Ecclesiastical Absolution from Capital Sins in the First Three Centuries 152 Data in the controversy, 152 — The Shepherd of Hermas on the penitential discipline, 155 — Dionysius of Corinth, 159 — Irenaeus, 160 — The De paenitentia and De pudicitia of Tertullian, 161 — The controversy and Cyprian, 165 — Conclusion in regard to the ecclesiastical discipline in the Latin Church, 173 — The attitude of the Oriental Church, 180.
§ 9. — Public Confession. 184 Definitions, 184 — Public confession required for capital sins committed publicly, 187 — The three capital sins to be regarded generically, 191 — Broader conception of the sins mortal, 192 — The seven capital sins, 193
§10.— Public Penance 194 Direction of the public penance, 104 — Was it required for secret sins? 196 — Forms of public penance, 199 — Classes of penitents, 201— "Peaceletters" of the martyrs, 203 — No repetition of public penance, 207 — Submission to this discipline at the hour of death, 207 — Relaxation of the early discipline from the fifth century onward, 209 — Disappearance of the system in the East, 210 — in the West, 212.
§10.— Auricular Confession 213 Obscurity of the question, 214 — Criticism of recent literature on the subject, 216 — No sacramental absolution given before penance was performed, 219 — Private confession m close connection with public penance, 223 — Increasing importance and spread of private confession in the fourth and fifth centuries, 225 — Confession of capital sins demanded, 226 — Objections from Origen, 230 — from Tertullian, 230 — from Augustine, 231 — from Chrysostom, 231 — Difference between the present practice of penance and confession and that of early Christian times, 234 — The practice of confession in the ancient monasteries, 238 — Universal spread of periodic confession in the early Middle Ages, 240 — The deprecatory formula of absolution, 242 — Sacramental character of ab- solution, 243 — The power of binding and loosing exclusively exercised by the monks in the Greek Church, 246 — The seal of confession, 249.
§ 12.— Retrospect 250
Index 253

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