CONTENTS PREFACE ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXI INTRODUCTION I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIAEVAL ICONOGRAPHY I I. — Mediaeval Iconography is a script. II.— It is a calculus. The mystic numbers. III. — It is a symbolic code. Art and the Liturgy. II. METHOD USED IN THIS STUDY OF MEDIÆVAL ICONOGRAPHY — THE MIRRORS OF VINCENT OF BEAUVAIS 23 BOOK I THE MIRROR OF NATURE 27 I. — To the mediæval mind the universe a symbol. Sources of this conception. The "Key" of Melito. The Bestiaries. II. — Animals represented in the churches; their meaning not always symbolic. Symbols of the Evangelists. Window at Lyons. Frieze at Strasburg. Influence of Honorius of Autun ; the Bestiaries. III. — Exaggerations of the symbolic school. Symbolism sometimes absent. Flora and fauna of the thirteenth century. Gargoyles, monsters. BOOK II THE MIRROR OF INSTRUCTION 64 I. — Labour and learning; their part in the work of redemption. Manual work. Representations of the labours of the months; illustrated calendars. II. — Instruction; the Trivium and Quadrivium. Martianus Capella and the Seven Arts. Influence of his book on mediæval Literature and Art. III. — Representations of Philosophy. Influence of Boethius. IV. — Conclusion. The Fate of Man. The Wheel of Fortune. BOOK III THE MIRROR OF MORALS 98 1. — Representations of the Virtues and Vices in mediæval Art. The Psychomachia of Prudentius and its influence. II. — The Virtues and Vices seen under new forms in the thirteenth century. The twelve Virtues and the twelve Vices at Notre Dame at Paris, Chartres and Amiens. III. — The Active and the Contemplative Life. Statues at Chartres. BOOK IV I. THE MIRROR OF HISTORY. THE OLD TESTAMENT 131 I. — The Old Testament regarded as a figure of the New Testament. Sources of the symbolic interpretation of the Bible. The Alexandrian Fathers. St. Hilary. St. Ambrose. St. Augustine. Mediaeval Doctors. The Glossa Ordinaria. II. — Old Testament types in mediaeval Art. Types of Christ. Symbolic windows at Bourges, Chartres, Le Mans and Tours. III. — Old Testament types of the Virgin. The porch at Laon. Influence of Honorius of Autun. IV. — The Patriarchs and the Kings. Their symbolic function. V. — The Prophets. Attempts in mediaeval Art to give plastic form to the Prophecies. VI. — The Tree of Jesse. The Kings of Judah on the façade of Notre Dame at Paris, at Amiens, and at Chartres. VII. — Summary. The symbolic medallions in Sugeris windows at St. Denis. The statues of the north porch at Chartres. II. THE GOSPELS 176 I. — The life of Christ only partially represented in mediaeval art. Reason for this. Representation of the Church Calendar only. Influence of the Liturgy. The Christmas and Easter cycles. II. — Symbolic interpretation of the New Testament. The Nativity. The Crucifixion. The first and the second Adam. The Resurrection. The Marriage at Cana. III. — The Parables. Parables of the Wise and Foolish Virgins and of the Good Samaritan. Their symbolic significance. Parables of Dives and Lazarus and of the Prodigal Son. III. APOCRYPHAL STORIES; OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT 202 I. — Legends relating to the Old Testament. The death of Cain. II. — Legends relating to the New Testament. The Gospel of the Infancy. The Gospel of Nicodemus. III. — Apocryphal stories of the Infancy. The ox and the ass. The midwives. The Magi and their journey. Miracles of the Child in Egypt. IV. — Apocryphal features in the public life of Christ. The marriage at Cana. V. — Legends of the Passion and the Resurrection. Legends of the Cross. The descent into Limbo. The Appearances. VI. — Some traditional features in works of art ; their origin. Studio traditions. Probable "Guide to Painting" in the thirteenth century. VII. — Legends of the Virgin. Cult of the Virgin in the thirteenth century. Birth of the Virgin. SS. Anne and Joachim. Marriage of the Virgin. The Annunciation ; details of apocryphal origin. Death, burial and coronation of the Virgin. VIII. — Miracles of the Virgin. Story of Theophilus. The De Gloria Martyrum of Gregory of Tours. Explanation of windows at Le Mans. IV. THE SAINTS AND THE GOLDEN LEGEND 267 I. — The Saints. Their place in the life of the Middle Ages. II. — The Golden Legend; its character and its charm. III. — The artists' interpretation of the Golden Legend. Endeavour to express holiness. IV. — Characteristics of the saints. Emblems and attributes. Reaction of art on legend. V.— Characteristics of saints and the craft guilds. Patron saints. VI. — The favourite saints of the Middle Ages. The apostles. Their apocryphal history; the pseudo- Abdias. Attributes of the apostles. VII. — Local saints. VIII. — Saints adopted by the whole of Christendom. IX.— Influence of relics on the choice of saints. X.— Choice of saints by donors. The confraternities. XI. — Influence of pilgrimages on thé choice of saints. St. James, St. Nicholas and St. Martin. V. ANTIQUITY. SECULAR HISTORY 332 I. — Antiquity. The great men of antiquity rarely represented in the cathedrals. Aristotle and Campaspe. Virgil in the basket. The Sibyl as the symbol of antiquity. The sibyl Erythraea alone represented in the thirteenth century. Reasons for this. II. — Symbolic interpretation of classical myths. Ovid moralised. III. — History of France. Kings of France. Their figures less frequent than often supposed. Montfaucon's error. IV. — Great scenes in the history of F rance. Baptism of Clovis. Story of Charlemagne (window at Chartres). The Crusades. Life of St. Louis. VI. THE CLOSE OF HISTORY — THE APOCALYPSE — THE LAST JUDGMENT 355 I. — The Apocalypse. The artists' sources of inspiration. The Spanish and the Anglo-Norman apocalypse; influence of the latter. II. — The Last J udgment ; its representation and sources. Importance of the Elucidarium of Honorius of Autun. Precursory signs. The Second Coming of Christ. The Resurrection of the Dead. The Judgment. St. Michael and his scales. Hell ; he jaws of Leviathan. The Elect. III. — Eternal Blessedness. The Beatitudes of the soul. The Beatitudes after St. Anselm, in the north porch at Chartres. The close of history. CONCLUSION 390 I. — Each cathedral has its individual character. II. — The ordering of subjects determined by the Church, the artist the submissive interpreter. Error of Violet-le-Duc ; the lay artists not rebels. III. — The cathedral a work of faith and love. TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 400 APPENDIX 401 BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 INDEX OF WORKS OF ART REFERRED TO 411 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Adder, The deaf (Amiens) 45 Adoration of the Magi (choir enclosure, Notre Dame at Paris) 214 " " The Magi asleep in one bed (tympanum in the north porch at Chartres) 228, 229 " " (B. N., MS. Lat. 17326, second half of the thirteenth century) 230 Annunciation, The (window at Lyons). After L. Bégule 243 " " (window at Laon). From MM. de Florival and Midoux 245 Apocalypse, The (after a MS. in the B. N.) 361 " " (window at Bourges). From Cahier and Martin 363 Apostle carrying consecration cross (Sainte-Chapelle) 21 Apostles (Chartres) 305 " To The right of Christ (Amiens) 306, 307 Appearances of Christ to St. Peter (choir enclosure, Notre Dame at Paris) 226 Arch-orders of Portail St. Honoré at Amiens 154 Aristotle and Cam pas pe (Lyons) 334 Arts, Grammar and Dialectic (porch at Auxerre) 84 " Grammar with Donatus or Priscian, and Music with Pythagoras (?) (Chartres) 87 " Music (window at Laon). From MM. de Florival and Midoux 86 " Philosophy (Laon). After Viollet-le-Duc 90 " " (Sens). After V iollet-le-Duc 92 Assumption of the Virgin, The (Notre Dame at Paris) 249 Balaam supported by his ass, the Queen of Sheba by a negro (north porch, Chartres) 8 Basement of the cathedral of Sens (portion) 58 Basilisk, The (Amiens) 45 Beast, Apocalyptic 361 Beasts, The four (Chartres) 7 Beatitudes of the soul, The (north porch, Chartres) 386, 387 Burial of the Virgin (Notre Dame at Paris) 247 Charadrius, The (Lyons). After a drawing by L. Bégule 41 Charlemagne window (Chartres) 349, 351 Christ, Head of (Amiens) 4 " Figure of (south porch, Chartres) 177 " The lion, the dragon, the adder and the basilisk beneath the feet of (Amiens, central doorway) 44 Christ standing between the Old and the New Law (medallion in a window at St. Denis) 170 Church and the Synagogue, The (window at Bourges). From Martin and Cahier 189 Coronation of the Virgin (Porte Rouge, Notre Dame at Paris) 254 Coronation of the Virgin, Burial, Resurrection and (Abbey of Longpont) 252 " " " (Senlis). Photograph belonging to M. E. Lef fare Pont alis 250 " " " (Chartres) 251 " " " Burial, Resurrection and (Amiens) 253 " " " The Death, Resurrection and (Sens). Photograph belonging to M. E. Lefèvrg-Pontalis 255 " " " (lintel of the right door, Auxerre) 256 " " " (French ivory, thirteenth century, in the Louvre) 257 Creation. The Creator in the first order, the work of the seven days in the second (north porch, Chartres) 28 Crucifixion, Symbolic (miniature in the Hortus deliciarum) 192 David and Goliath (rose-window of the façade, Reims) 341 Eagle and eaglets (Lyons). After a drawing by L. Bégule 42 Figures, marginal (B. N., MS. Latin 14284) 62, 63, 123 Flight into Egypt, The (choir enclosure, Notre Dame at Paris) 219 Flora, Stone (Notre Dame, Paris) 53 Furriers (from a window at Chartres) 66 Genesis, Early chapters of (portion of base of doorway at Auxerre) 133 Gideon and the fleece (window at Laon). From Florival and Midoux, by permission of M. de Florival 16 Gifts of the Holy Spirit, Christ with the seven (Le Mans). From Hucher 167 Good Samaritan, Parable of the (window at Sens). From Cahier and Martin 197 Grotesque animals (Notre Dame, Paris) 56 Grotesques on the Portail des Libraires (Rouen) 59, 60, 61 Isaiah bearing St. Matthew (window at Chartres) 10 Isaiah, Jeremiah, St. John the Baptist, St. Peter (Chartres) 174 Judgment, Last (Laon) 367 " " (Notre Dame at Paris) T 369 " (Amiens) 374 " " (Saint Sulpice at Favières, Seine et Oise) 373 " " (cathedral at Bordeaux) 372 " " (Chartres) 368 " (Saint-Seurin at Bordeaux) 371 " " (Poitiers) 370 " " The Lost (Bourges) 381 " " The Saved (Bourges) 382 " " The Lost (Reims) 379 King of Judah holding a rod of the tree of Jesse (Amiens) 168 Ladder of virtue, The. After the Hortus deliciarum 106 Lamech killing Cain (Bourges, Auxerre) 204, 205 Leviathan caught by the hook (miniature in the Hortus deliciarum) 380 Lion and his cubs, The (Lyons). After a drawing by L. Bégule 40 Magi, The story of the (bas-reliefs at Amiens) 215 Maiden with the unicorn, The (Lyons). After a drawing by L. Bégule 39 Martyrdom of St. Nicasius and of St. Eutropia (Reims) 312 Melchizedek and Abraham (Reims) 155 " Abraham, Moses, Samuel, David (Chartres) 173 Midwives washing the Child, The (from a window at Le Mans) 213 Miracle of Theophilus (Notre Dame at Paris) 259, 260 Miracles of the Virgin (window at Le Mans). From Hueher 263, 265 Months, The (Amiens) 69, 70, 73, 75 " " (Notre Dame at Paris) 72, 74, 76 " " (Rampillon) 71, 77 Nativity, The (B. N., MS. Lat. 17326, thirteenth century) 186 " " (porch of Laon Cathedral) 187 Nimbus, The cruciferous, with the aureole, and the four emblems of the evangelists (tympanum at Chartres) 7 Parrots, Two (Album of Villard de Honnecourt) 55 Personages, Biblical (Chartres) 343, 344 Prophecy of Zephaniah, The (Amiens) 163 Prophet Amos, The (from a window at Le Mans). After Hueher 159 Prophets (Amiens) 161 " (Reims) 154 160 Psychomachia (Aulnay, twelfth century) 103 Quadriga of Aminadab, The symbolic (medallion in a window at St. Denis) 171 Resurrection and the Coronation of the Virgin, The (window, Notre Dame at Paris) 248 " " " (Abbey of Longpont) 252 " of the Dead. Abraham receiving the Souls (Rampillon) 376 " " The Saved and the Lost (Portail des Libraires at Rouen) 375 Rider of the Apocalypse. Death (Notre Dame at Paris) 366 " " (Apocalypse of Saint-Sever) (B. N., MS. Latin 8878) 359 Riders of the Apocalypse, Hell and the (porch of the Last Judgment, Amiens) 364 Sea, The (Notre Dame, Paris) 57 Separation of the Saved and the Lost (Laon) 377 Sky, water and trees, The. From the legend of St. Eustace (window at Chartres) 3 Souls borne by angels to Abraham's bosom (Reims) 384 Sibyl Erythraea, The (Laon) 338 Simeon, John the Baptist, Isaiah, Moses, Abraham (Reims) 153 St. Anne and St. Joachim (Le Mans). From Hueher 241 " carrying the Virgin (window at Chartres) 319 St. Eustace, Legend of (window at Chartrés) 275, 276, 277 St. Firmin (Amiens) 284 St. James, Legend of (from a window at Chartres) 304 " (porch of the cathedral at Bayonne) 309 St. John, Death of (window at Lyons). After L. Bégule 301 " " (porch at Rouen) 302 St. Marcel baptizing (arch of the Portail Rouge, Notre Dame at Paris) 313 St. Modeste (Chartres) 5 St. Nicholas and St. Martin, Tympanum devoted to (Chartres) 330 St. Peter and St. John at the Tomb (Notre Dame, Paris) 226 St. Stephen, Story of (south porch, Notre Dame at Paris) 314 St. Theodore (Chartres) 283 St. Thomas, Legend of (porch at Semur) 303 Sts. Martin, Jerome, Gregory the Great (Chartres) 286, 287 Student life, So-called scenes of (Notre Dame at Paris) 353 Summer (Notre Dame, Paris) 67 Symbolic window at Bourges 141 " " Le Mans. From Hueher 145 " " Lyons. From Cahier and Martin 38 Tree of Jesse (window at Chartres). From Lassus' monograph 166 Virgin with the burning bush beneath her feet, The (north porch, Chartres) 9 Virgin and one of the midwives, The (window at Laon). From MM de Florival and Midoux 211 Virgin at Chartres, The ("Notre-Dame de la belle verrière"). Beginning of the thirteenth century 234 Virgin, Symbolic bas-reliefs relating to the (Amiens) 151 Virgin, The ("La Vierge dorée" of Amiens) 237 Virgin, The (Notre Dame at Paris) 232, 236 Virgin, The (window at Laon). From MM. de Florival and Midoux 235 Virgins, The Foolish. The tree and the axe (Longpont) 388 Virtues and Vices (Amiens, Paris, Lyons, Chartres) 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130 Vision of Ezekiel (Amiens) 163 " Zechariah (Amiens) 164 " St. John (window at Lyons). After L. Bégule 357 Visitation, The (choir enclosure, Notre Dame at Paris) 231 Wheel of fortune (from a rose-window (south) at Amiens) 95 Wheel of fortune. After the Hortus deliciarum, twelfth century 97 Window at St. Denis 170, 171 Digitized by Google.

Bibliography: p. 407-410

plus-circle Add Review

comment

Reviews