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100 1 $aAlemayehu, Demissie,$eauthor.
245 10 $aInterface between regulation and statistics in drug development /$cDemissie Alemayehu, Birol Emir, Michael Gaffney.
250 $a1st
264 1 $aBoca Raton :$bChapman & Hall/CRC,$c2021.
300 $a1 online resource :$billustrations (black and white)
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490 1 $aChapman & Hall/CRC biostatistics series
504 $aIncludes bibliographical references.
588 0 $aCIP data; resource not viewed.
505 0 $aCover -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of contents -- Figures -- Abbreviations -- Authors' Disclosure -- Acknowledgment -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1 Fundamental Principles of Clinical Trials -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 General Statistical Considerations -- 1.2.1 Statistical Analysis Plan -- 1.2.2 Trial Design -- 1.2.3 Randomization and Blinding -- 1.2.4 Statistical Methodology -- 1.2.5 Reporting and Interpretation of Study Results -- 1.2.6 Data Quality and Software Validity -- 1.3 Evolving Roles of the Statistician in Drug Development
505 8 $a1.4 Potential Statistical Issues in Regulatory Review -- 1.4.1 Data Quality -- 1.4.2 Endpoint Definition -- 1.4.3 Design and Analysis Issues -- 1.4.4 Evaluation of Safety -- 1.4.5 Analysis Populations and Subgroups -- 1.4.6 Assessing Interpretation and Reliability of Results -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Selected Statistical Topics of Regulatory Importance -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Multiplicity -- 2.2.1 Multiple Endpoints -- 2.2.2 Multiple Testing Over the Course of the Study -- 2.3 Missing Values and Estimands -- 2.3.1 General Considerations
505 8 $a2.3.2 Missingness Mechanisms -- 2.3.3 Approaches for Missing Data -- 2.3.4 Sensitivity Analyses -- 2.3.5 Estimands and Other Recent Regulatory Developments -- 2.3.6 Concluding Remarks -- 2.4 Non-inferiority Study -- 2.4.1 Efficacy Objective -- 2.4.2 Non-inferiority Hypothesis / Non-inferiority Margin -- 2.4.3 Determination of NIM -- 2.4.4 Example: FDA Guidance Document -- 2.4.5 Implications of Choice of NIM -- 2.4.6 Strength of a Non-inferiority Study -- 2.4.7 Synthesis Method for Non-inferiority -- 2.4.8 Summary Points -- 2.4.9 Non-inferiority Study with a Safety Objective
505 8 $a2.4.10 Summary Points -- 2.5 Innovative Trial Designs -- 2.5.1 Adaptive Designs -- 2.5.2 Adaptive Randomization -- 2.5.3 Sample Size Reestimation -- 2.5.4 Sequential Designs -- 2.5.5 Adaptive Designs for Dose and Treatment Selection -- 2.5.6 Adaptive Enrichment Designs -- 2.5.7 Master Protocols -- 2.5.7.1 Basket Trials -- 2.5.7.2 Umbrella Trials -- 2.5.7.3 Platform Trials -- 2.5.7.4 Regulatory and Operational Considerations with Novel Trials -- 2.6 Bayesian Analysis in a Regulatory Framework -- 2.6.1 Introduction -- 2.6.2 Potential Areas of Application -- 2.6.3 Regulatory Considerations
505 8 $a2.6.4 Challenges with Bayesian Statistics -- 2.6.5 Concluding Remarks -- 2.7 Surrogate Endpoints and Biomarkers -- 2.7.1 Introduction -- 2.7.2 Statistical Considerations -- 2.7.3 Regulatory Considerations -- 2.7.4 Concluding Remarks -- 2.8 Subgroup Analyses -- 2.8.1 Introduction -- 2.8.2 Subgroup Analyses in the Traditional Confirmatory Clinical-Trial Setting -- 2.8.3 Statistical Approaches -- 2.8.4 Reporting and Interpretation of Subgroup Results -- 2.8.5 Subgroup Analyses in the Changing Clinical-Trial and Regulatory Setting -- 2.8.6 Conclusion -- 2.9 Benefit-Risk Assessment
520 $aWith the critical role of statistics in the design, conduct, analysis and reporting of clinical trials or observational studies intended for regulatory purposes, numerous guidelines have been issued by regulatory authorities around the world focusing on statistical issues related to drug development. However, the available literature on this important topic is sporadic, and often not readily accessible to drug developers or regulatory personnel. This book provides a systematic exposition of the interplay between the two disciplines, including emerging themes pertaining to the acceleration of the development of pharmaceutical medicines to serve patients with unmet needs. Features: Regulatory and statistical interactions throughout the drug development continuum The critical role of the statistician in relation to the changing regulatory and healthcare landscapes Statistical issues that commonly arise in the course of drug development and regulatory interactions Trending topics in drug development, with emphasis on current regulatory thinking and the associated challenges and opportunities The book is designed to be accessible to readers with an intermediate knowledge of statistics, and can be a useful resource to statisticians, medical researchers, and regulatory personnel in drug development, as well as graduate students in the health sciences. The authors' decades of experience in the pharmaceutical industry and academia, and extensive regulatory experience, comes through in the many examples throughout the book.
545 0 $aDemissie Alemayehu, PhD, is Vice President and Head of the Statistical Research and Data Science Center at Pfizer Inc. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, has published widely, and has served on the editorial boards of major journals, including the "Journal of the American Statistical Association" and the "Journal of Nonparametric Statistics." Additionally, he has been on the faculties of both Columbia University and Western Michigan University. He has co-authored a monograph entitled, "Patient-Reported Outcomes: Measurement, Implementation and Interpretation," and co-edited another, "Statistical Topics in Health Economics and Outcome Research" both published by Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. Birol Emir, PhD, is Senior Director and Statistics Lead of Real-World Evidence (RWE) at Pfizer Inc. In addition, Dr. Emir has served as Adjunct Professor of Statistics and Lecturer at Columbia University in New York and as an External PhD Committee Member, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Recently, his primary focuses have been on big data, predictive modelling and genomic data analysis. He has numerous publications in refereed journals, and he has co-edited "Statistical Topics in Health Economics and Outcome Research" published by Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. He has taught many short courses and has given several invited presentations. Michael Gaffney, PhD, is Vice President, Statistics at Pfizer, and received his Ph. D. from New York University School of Environmental Medicine with his dissertation in the area of multistage model of cancer induction. Dr. Gaffney has spent his 43-year career in pharmaceutical research concentrating in the areas of design and analysis of clinical trials and regulatory interaction for drug approval and product defense. He has interacted with FDA, EMA, MHRA and regulators in Canada and Japan on over 25 distinct regulatory approvals and product issues in many therapeutic areas. Dr. Gaffney has published 40 peer-reviewed articles and presented at numerous scientific meetings in diverse areas of modelling cancer induction, variance components, harmonic regression, factor analysis, propensity scores, meta-analysis, large safety trials and sample size re-estimation. Dr. Gaffney was recently a member of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) X committee and was a co-author of, CIOMS X: Evidence Synthesis and Meta-Analysis for Drug Safety.
610 10 $aUnited States.$bFood and Drug Administration$xRules and practice.
610 17 $aUnited States.$bFood and Drug Administration.$2fast$0(OCoLC)fst00549734
650 0 $aDrugs$zUnited States$xTesting$xStatistical methods.
650 0 $aDrugs$xTesting$xLaw and legislation$zUnited States.
650 0 $aClinical trials$zUnited States$xStatistical methods.
650 0 $aClinical trials$xLaw and legislation$zUnited States.
650 0 $aClinical trials$xReporting$zUnited States.
650 0 $aDrug development$zUnited States.
650 0 $aPharmaceutical policy$zUnited States.
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650 7 $aMATHEMATICS$xProbability & Statistics$xGeneral.$2bisacsh
650 7 $aMEDICAL$xPharmacology.$2bisacsh
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700 1 $aEmir, Birol,$eauthor.
700 1 $aGaffney, Michael,$dactive 1983,$eauthor.
776 08 $iPrint version:$z9780367490485
830 0 $aChapman & Hall/CRC biostatistics series.
856 40 $uhttp://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?clio15199252$zTaylor & Francis eBooks
880 $6500-00/Zsym$a<P><STRONG>CONTENTS</STRONG></P><P>List of figures xi</P><P>List of abbreviations xiii</P><P>Authors' Disclosure xvii</P><P>Acknowledgment xix</P><P>About the Authors xxi</P><P>Preface xxiii</P><P><STRONG>C</STRONG><STRONG>hapter 1 ◾ Fundamental Principles of Clinical Trials 1</P></STRONG><P>1.1 INTRODUCTION 1</P><P>1.2 GENERAL STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5</P><P>1.2.1 Statistical Analysis Plan 5</P><P>1.2.2 Trial Design 6</P><P>1.2.3 Randomization and Blinding 7</P><P>1.2.4 Statistical Methodology 7</P><P>1.2.5 Reporting and Interpretation of Study Results 9</P><P>1.2.6 Data Quality and Software Validity 9</P><P>1.3 EVOLVING ROLES OF THE STATISTICIAN IN DRUG</P><P>DEVELOPMENT 9</P><P>1.4 POTENTIAL STATISTICAL ISSUES IN REGULATORY</P><P>REVIEW 14</P><P>1.4.1 Data Quality 14</P><P>1.4.2 Endpoint Definition 14</P><P>1.4.3 Design and Analysis Issues 15</P><P>1.4.4 Evaluation of Safety 16</P><P>1.4.5 Analysis Populations and Subgroups 16</P><P>1.4.6 Assessing Interpretation and Reliability of Results 17</P><P>1.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 17</P><P><STRONG>C</STRONG><STRONG>hapter 2 ◾ </STRONG><STRONG>Selected Statistical Topics of Regulatory</STRONG></P><P>Importance 23</P><P>2.1 INTRODUCTION 23</P><P>2.2 MULTIPLICITY 24</P><P>2.2.1 Multiple Endpoints 24</P><P>2.2.2 Multiple Testing Over the Course of the Study 28</P><P>2.3 MISSING VALUES AND ESTIMANDS 30</P><P>2.3.1 General Considerations 30</P><P>2.3.2 Missingness Mechanisms 32</P><P>2.3.3 Approaches for Missing Data 34</P><P>2.3.4 Sensitivity Analyses 36</P><P>2.3.5 Estimands and Other Recent Regulatory</P><P>Developments 37</P><P>2.3.6 Concluding Remarks 40</P><P>2.4 NON- INFERIORITY STUDY 41</P><P>2.4.1 Efficacy Objective 41</P><P>2.4.2 Non- inferiority Hypothesis/ Non- inferiority</P><P>Margin 42</P><P>2.4.3. Determination of NIM 43</P><P>2.4.4 Example: FDA Guidance Document 43</P><P>2.4.5 Implications of Choice of NIM 44</P><P>2.4.6 Strength of a Non- inferiority Study 45</P><P>2.4.7 Synthesis Method for Non- inferiority 46</P><P>2.4.8. Summary Points 47</P><P>2.4.9 Non- inferiority Study with a Safety Objective 47</P><P>2.4.10 Summary Points 49<B></P></B><P>2.5 INNOVATIVE TRIAL DESIGNS 50</P><P>2.5.1 Adaptive Designs 50</P><P>2.5.2 Adaptive Randomization 50</P><P>2.5.3 Sample Size Reestimation 51</P><P>2.5.4 Sequential Designs 53</P><P>2.5.5 Adaptive Designs for Dose and Treatment</P><P>Selection 54</P><P>2.5.6 Adaptive Enrichment Designs 55</P><P>2.5.7 Master Protocols 55</P><I><P>2.5.7.1 Basket Trials </I>56</P><I><P>2.5.7.2 Umbrella Trials </I>58</P><I><P>2.5.7.3 Platform Trials </I>58</P><I><P>2.5.7.4 Regulatory and Operational</P><P>Considerations with Novel Trials </I>59</P><P>2.6 BAYESIAN ANALYSIS IN A REGULATORY</P><P>FRAMEWORK 60</P><P>2.6.1 Introduction 60</P><P>2.6.2 Potential Areas of Application 62</P><P>2.6.3 Regulatory Considerations 64</P><P>2.6.4 Challenges with Bayesian Statistics 66</P><P>2.6.5 Concluding Remarks 66</P><P>2.7 SURROGATE ENDPOINTS AND BIOMARKERS 66</P><P>2.7.1 Introduction 66</P><P>2.7.2 Statistical Considerations 68</P><P>2.7.3 Regulatory Considerations 71</P><P>2.7.4 Concluding Remarks 72</P><P>2.8 SUBGROUP ANALYSES 73</P><P>2.8.1 Introduction 73</P><P>2.8.2 Subgroup Analyses in the Traditional</P><P>Confirmatory Clinical- Trial Setting 73</P><P>2.8.3 Statistical Approaches 74</P><P>2.8.4 Reporting and Interpretation of</P><P>Subgroup Results 75</P><P>2.8.5 Subgroup Analyses in the Changing Clinical- Trial</P><P>and Regulatory Setting 76</P><P>2.8.6 Conclusion 77</P><P>2.9 BENEFIT- RISK ASSESSMENT 78</P><P>2.9.1 Introduction 78</P><P>2.9.2 Methodological Considerations in Benefit- Risk</P><P>Analysis 79</P><P>2.9.3 Regulatory Perspectives 81</P><P>2.9.4 Benefit- Risk in Health- Technology Assessment 84</P><P>2.9.5 Concluding Remarks 84</P><P><STRONG>C</STRONG><STRONG>hapter 3 ◾ </STRONG><STRONG>Statistical Engagement in Regulatory</STRONG></P><P>Interactions 97</P><P>3.1 INTRODUCTION 97</P><P>3.2 INTERNAL BEHAVIORS 98</P><P>3.3 DATA- MONITORING COMMITTEE 99</P><P>3.4 REGULATORY MEETINGS AND</P><P>ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETINGS 101</P><P>3.5 STATISTICAL ROLE IN PROMOTIONAL</P><P>MATERIAL AND MEDICAL COMMUNICATION 106</P><P>3.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 108</P><P><STRONG>C</STRONG><STRONG>hapter 4 ◾ Emerging Topics 111</P></STRONG><P>4.1 THE USE OF RWE TO SUPPORT LICENSING AND</P><P>LABEL ENHANCEMENT 111</P><P>4.1.1 Introduction 111</P><P>4.1.2 Methodological and Operational Considerations 113</P><P>4.1.3 Current Regulatory Landscape 117</P><P>4.1.4 Concluding Remarks 119<B></P></B><P>4.2 PATIENT- REPORTED OUTCOMES IN REGULATORY</P><P>SETTINGS 120</P><P>4.2.1 Introduction 120</P><P>4.2.2 Development and Validation of PRO</P><P>Instruments 121</P><P>4.2.3 Statistical Considerations 123</P><P>4.2.4 Regulatory Considerations 125</P><P>4.2.5 Concluding Remarks 128</P><P>4.3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND</P><P>MODERN ANALYTICS IN REGULATORY SETTINGS 129</P><P>4.3.1 Introduction 129</P><P>4.3.2 AI in Drug Development 131</P><P>4.3.3 Regulatory Experience with Machine</P><P>Learning and Artificial Intelligence 132</P><P>4.3.4 Concluding Remarks 133</P><P><STRONG>Index 143</STRONG></P>
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