Totem Poles According to Location Page 435 Tsimsyan-Niskæs Page 435 Gitiks and Angyadæ Villages (Down Nass River) Page 435 Pole of Negwa'on of Angyada Page 435 Gitwinksihlk (At the Canyon of the Nass) Page 435 Pole of Gwaneks and 'Weelarhæ Page 435 Half-Protruding Pole Page 438 Gitlarhdamks (Up River) Page 439 Wolf Phratry Page 439 Pole of Towq Page 439 Pole of 'Neesyoq and 'Neeskyinwæt Page 442 Totem Poles of 'Neesyoq Page 442 Pole of Kyærhk Page 444 Roasted-Person Page 444 Pole of Sqateen Page 445 Spearing-the-Sky Page 445 Village-on-Tree Page 448 Packing-Robins Page 448 Two Totems of Kstiyaorh Page 448 Totem Pole of Kungyaw Page 448 Commemoration of Temnunrh Page 449 Eagle Phratry Page 451 Whereon-Sits-the-Woodpecker Page 451 Fireweed Phratry Page 451 One-Fireweed Page 451 Whereon-Sits-the-Goose Page 452 Tsimsyans Proper (Port Simpson, Skeena River, Southern Tsimsyans) Page 453 Port Simpson Page 453 List of Totem Poles at Port Simpson Page 453 Killer-Whale Phratry Page 454 Pole of Neeswairhs Page 454 The Liguidihl Page 455 Pole Called Mirage Page 455 Mirage Hlækan Page 454 Sun as a House-Front Painting Page 455 Pole of Neesloot and Weenæs (Garfield) Page 456 Porpoise-Like Pole Page 456 Gamayæm's Flagpole Page 456 Fireweed Pole Page 456 Pole of Suhallait (Garfield) Page 456 Raven Phratry Page 457 The Mortuary Pole of Dakawmilsk (Garfield) Page 457 Totem Poles of the Sea-Lion Page 457 Pole of the Raven Page 458 Klameen Pole of Neeshawt Page 458 Chief-Raven House Front Page 458 Raven and Salmon-River Crests Page 458 Pole of the Dog Page 459 Dog on Totem Poles Page 459 Bullhead Poles of Nteetshleelks Page 459 Wolf Phratry Page 459 Pole of Halaidem-kan Page 460 Dancer-of-Wood (Garfield) Page 460 Eagle Phratry Page 460 Dogfish-Fin of Legyarh Page 460 Pole of Lukawl Page 460 Mixed Page 460 Tsimsyan Pole at the Field Columbian Exhibition (Deans) Page 460 Totem Pole of Skeena River (Harriman) Page 461 Tsimsyans Proper (Canyon of the Skeena) Page 461 Robin-Woman and Blue-Bill-Duck-Woman (Myth) Page 463 Totem Poles at the Kitselas Canyon (Emmons) Page 464 Fireweed and Killer-Whale Phratry Page 464 Fireweed Pole of Neeshaiwærhs Page 464 Fireweed Poles of Neesnawæ Page 465 Four Welmis House Posts of Læns Page 466 Raven Phratry Page 468 Grandfather-of-Red-Hair Pole Page 468 Poles of Larahnitsk Page 468 Pole of Thunder Page 468 Island (Gitrhahla) Tsimsyans Page 469 Island (Gitrhahla) Tsimsyans Page 469 Gispewudwade Phratry Page 469 Carved Crests of Hale Page 469 Totem of Light (Hale) Page 470 Pole of Kiyout Page 470 Whole-Killer-Whale of Tsakawle Page 470 Garment-of-Blackfish Page 471 Raven Phratry Page 471 Ten-Faces-Across-the-Top Page 471 Poles of Wakhæs Page 472 Wolf Phratry Page 472 The White-Owl Page 473 Metlakatla Page 473 Neeslaranos Poles in the Chapel Page 473 Southern Tsimsyans (Gitamat, Kitlawp) Page 473 Trick-Ladder of Tseebasæ Page 473 Where-the-Blackfish-Collide Page 473 Snag Crest Page 473 Pole at Gitamat Page 474 Pole Commemorating Kapskoltsh (Now at Stockholm, Sweden) Page 474 Haidas Page 479 Skidegate and Southern Tribes Page 479 Skidegate and the Southern Villages (Dawson) Page 479 Skidegate Indian Village (Dawson) Page 483 Totems of Chief Skidegate (Swanton) Page 483 Totem Pole Carvers at Skidegate Page 483 Pole of The-Younger-Brother (Swanton) Page 483 Grave-Post of Chief Skidegate (Swanton) Page 483 Sea-Monster Pole (Deans) Page 485 Totem of the Rotten-House-People (Swanton) Page 487 A Gitins House with Poles and Posts (Swanton) Page 488 Pole and House of Cathlingscoon (Deans) Page 488 Inside House Posts of Thunderbird Now at Victoria (Swanton) Page 490 Inside House Posts of Thunderbird at the Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C. (W. A. Newcombe) Page 491 Beaver, Raven, Sun, and Grizzly Pole (Deans) Page 491 Grave Poles of Skidegate and Old Gold Harbour (Swanton) Page 494 Totem Poles at New Gold Harbour (Jacobsen) Page 495 Totem Poles of Tsahl Page 496 Migration of Hippa Island Families (Swanton) Page 498 Children-of-Nastow Page 498 Cumshewa Page 499 Pole of Kohlans Page 499 Pole of Gitkagyas (Swanton) Page 499 Raven and Thunderbird Pole Page 499 Skedans Page 504 The Skedans' Close Association with Gitrhahla (Swanton) Page 504 Pole of Neeswas (Swanton) Page 512 Tanu Page 512 Poles of Tanu (W. A. Newcombe) Page 512 Grizzly and Killer-Whale Page 512 Ninstints Page 526 The Ninstints Tribe Becoming Extinct (Deans) Page 526 The Ninstints, Described by Swanton Page 526 The Ninstints Tribe as Now Described Page 528 The Ninstints Eagles (Swanton) Page 530 Whale-Slave's Totem Pole (Deans) Page 530 Anget Totem Page 534 Raven with Protruding Tongue Page 534 Unidentified Page 538 Killer-Whale Totem in Bremen, Germany Page 538 House Posts at the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford, England Page 538 Grizzly Bear and Raven of Massett (C. F. Newcombe) Page 546 McGill Totem Pole in Montreal Page 553 Massett Group Page 561 Northern Villages of the Haidas in 1878 (Dawson) Page 561 Tian and Hippah Island Page 563 An Inside Pole of Edensaw at Kyusta (Swanton) Page 563 Kyusta Village Page 563 Yakun Village Page 565 Raven of Klaskun Page 565 Ginaawan Pole (Swanton) Page 567 Pole at Fox Warren, England (Tyler) Page 567 Pole at the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford, England (Tyler) Page 567 Raven Totem of Massett, Now in Jasper Park Page 568 Who Carved the Jasper Pole Page 570 Old Massett Page 570 Stihltæ's Pole at Massett (Swanton) Page 570 Qingi Poles and Beams of Massett (Swanton) Page 570 Pole of Weeæ's Wife at Massett (Swanton) Page 570 Pole of Qogis (Swanton) Page 571 Pole of Great Breakers (Swanton) Page 571 Pole of He-Whose-Voice-Is-Obeyed (Swanton) Page 572 Kaigani Haidas (Southern Alaska) Page 575 Kaigani Haidas (Niblack) Page 575 Origin of the Kaigani Haidas (Swanton) Page 578 Migrations of the Haidas (Beynon) Page 585 Kasaan Village (Niblack) Page 585 Totem Poles of Old Kasaan (Corser) Page 585 House at Old Kasaan (Keithahn) Page 591 House Posts in Chief Skowl's House (Niblack) Page 591 Mortuary Columns Near Howkan (Niblack) Page 591 Poles at Sukkwan (Keithahn) Page 599 Old-Witch Pole of Sukkwan (Keithahn) Page 599 Tlingits Page 602 Southern Villages Page 602 Pole from Tongas (Deans) Page 602 Totems of Tongas (Corser) Page 602 Mortuary Column of Chief Kootenah (Niblack) Page 608 Fog-Woman and Kudjuk at Ketchikan (Keithahn) Page 608 Poles at Tuxecan (Keithahn) Page 609 Wrangell Page 610 Totem Poles of Wrangell (Andrews) Page 610 Totems of Shaiks Page 610 Wolf Totem of 1869 (Andrews) Page 618 Wolf Totem (Corser) Page 618 Pole of Katishan (Swanton) Page 618 Kadashan Totem Poles (Corser) Page 618 Koodashan of the Tarqueneedy (Corser) Page 619 Kadashan and Goonyah Poles (Corser) Page 620 Grave Posts (Swanton) Page 620 Grave Posts of Tcukanedi (Swanton) Page 620 Grave Post Stuwuga (Swanton) Page 620 Grave of Shustocks (Niblack) Page 620 Graves at the Bear Totem Store (Corser) Page 621 Dancing Cane (Swanton) Page 621 Kayak Totem Pole (Corser) Page 621 Beaver of Kilisnu and Kicksetti Totem Myth (Corser) Page 622 Beaver, Duktut, and Kayak Pole (Corser) Page 623 Totem of Kolteen (Keithahn) Page 623 New Tagcook Pole (Keithahn) Page 623 Devil's Thumb (Keithahn) Page 627 Goonya Totem (Corser) Page 627 Northern Tlingits Page 627 Totem Poles at Sitka (Corser) Page 627 Mountain-House of the Ravens (Shotridge) Page 629 House Posts of the Wolf House at Sitka Page 629 Totems at Kake (Kindle) Page 629 Sitka Totems (Corser) Page 632 Tlingit House Posts (Krause) Page 633 Bella Coolas Page 636 House Portal at the Old Pagan Village Page 636 House Frontal Pole of Tallio Page 637 Two Doorway Carvings (Deans) Page 637 Two House Frontals at Tallio (W. A. Newcombe) Page 637 House Post Collected by Jacobsen for Chicago Page 645 Chief Clelaman's Memorial Page 645 Kwakiutls Page 651 Fort Rupert Page 651 Kyinanuk Family of Tongas (Tlingit) Page 651 David Hunt's Totem Pole Page 657 The Hunt Totem Pole Page 657 Statue To-Speak-Through (Hope Island, Boas) Page 660 Commemoration of Hegwugyelagwaw Page 660 Monument of Kwakwabales Page 663 Graveyard Pole of Tsawlarhlehlilaakwe Page 663 Speak-Through Post Page 663 Alert Bay and Other Kwakiutl Villages Page 673 Thunderbird of Wawkyas Page 673 Talking Stick of Chief Wawkyas Page 673 Talking Stick of Chief Wakius (Goodfellow) Page 680 Sisa-kaulas (Goodfellow) Page 681 Raven Totem (Corser) Page 682 Raven-of-the-Sea Page 682 Sun Totem Page 685 Sinsintlæ Post (Boas) Page 685 Chief Sesarhawles' Pole Page 685 Bullhead Graveyard Pole Page 685 Graveyard Pole of Tsagalahl Page 685 Doorway to a Koskimo House (Shotridge) Page 685 Newettee Totem Pole (Boas) Page 696 The Tsonogoa of Old Nahwittee Page 696 Pole of the Denarhtoq (Knight Inlet) Page 696 Poles of Tsawadi (Knight Inlet) Page 696 Inside Poles of Tsawadi (W. A. Newcombe) Page 696 Post of Sadi (Knight Inlet) Page 696 House Posts Showing Dsonoqua Page 696 House Posts of Lelarha (Boas) Page 698 House Posts of the Nannimoach (Deans) Page 698 Commemoration Statues (Boas) Page 702 Bella Bella Pole 1 Page 702 Bella Bella Pole 2 Page 704 Carved Posts of Nahwittee (2) Page 704 House Posts of Cape Mudge Page 708 Totem Poles of Alert Bay (Corser) Page 708 Paintings and Carved Posts (Leeson Photos) Page 723 Nootkas Page 724 Nootkas Had No Totem Poles (Emmons) Page 724 No Totem Poles Formerly (Sapir) Page 726 Bear and Seal Carved Posts of Alberni Page 726 Bear and Anitsatnas (Clayoquot) Page 731 Quatsino Totem Pole Page 731 Skate Painting of Alberni Page 731 Inside-House Poles at Sarita (W. A. Newcombe) Page 731 Welcome Poles at Ohiat (W. A. Newcombe) Page 731 Salishes Page 731 Totem Poles and Posts Among the Salish (Barnett) Page 731 South of Deep Bay (Barnett) Page 753 House Post at Comox (Emmons) Page 755 Salish Inside-House Poles (W. A. Newcombe) Page 759 Inside-House Pole (W. A. Newcombe) Page 759 Comox Totem Poles and Paintings (Barnett) Page 759 Grave Posts from Ruby Creek (W. A. Newcombe) Page 760 Synthesis and Compilation Page 762 The Growth of Heraldry or Totemism on the North Pacific Coast Page 762 Mythical Beings and Crests (Ravenhill) Page 768 Crests of the Gitksan Tribes Page 768 Crests and Totems (Deasy) Page 769 Lack of System Among Haidas, Tsimsyans, and Tlingits (Swanton) Page 769 Lack of Uniformity in Classification of Crests Among Haidas, Tsimsyans, and Tlingits (Swanton) Page 769 Comparative Study of Myths Embodied in Totem Poles (Boas) Page 770 Spider Woman and Butterfly Myths in Siberia (Bogoras) Page 770 Mythical and Folklore Themes (Thompson) Page 770 Numbers Page 772 Carved Columns in the North (Deans) Page 772 Appraisal (Dawson) Page 772 Tuxecan Poles in 1922 Page 773 Painted House-Front and Doorway Carvings Page 773 Native Paints (Niblack, 1885) Page 773 Painting on Poles and House Fronts (Emmons, 1930) Page 773 House-Front Paintings (Emmons) Page 773 How Totem Poles Were Painted (Keithahn) Page 774 Painted Houses Among the Tlingits (Swanton) Page 774 House-Front Paintings Among the Tsimsyans Page 777 House-Front Paintings at Gitsalas (Tsimsyan) Page 777 Why the Gitandaw Have House Fronts Painted Page 777 House-Front Paintings in a Gitksan Myth Page 780 Painted Houses of Hale (Gitrhahla) Page 780 Mural Carving and Painting at Gitrhahla Page 780 House Paintings of Where-Opens-the-Sky (Gitrhahla) Page 782 Painted House Fronts Among the Kwakiutls (Deans) Page 782 Killer-Whale at Lirhsiwæ (Boas) Page 782 Painted House Fronts of the Kwakiutls (Boas) Page 782 Crests Painted on House Fronts of the Kwakiutls Page 783 House-Front Paintings Among the Coast Salishes (Boas) Page 783 Monumental Carvings Page 783 Classification Among the Haidas (Dawson) Page 783 Types of Carved Poles (Swanton) Page 783 Totem Poles and Mortuary Columns (Niblack) Page 785 Types of Carved Columns (W. A. Newcombe) Page 785 Kaigani Mortuary Columns (Niblack) Page 785 Memorial Poles Among the Tlingits (Swanton) Page 786 Types of Totem Poles Among the Tlingits (Jones) Page 786 Grave Posts Among the Haidas (Dawson) Page 786 Types of Totem Poles (Keithahn) Page 786 Inside House Posts Among the Tlingit (Keithahn) Page 787 Types of Haida Totem Poles Page 787 Names for Totem Poles Among the Niskæ Page 787 Tlingit Name for Totem Pole (Jones) Page 787 Comparisons Between Tsimsyans and Haidas Page 787 Definition of Totem Pole (Raley) Page 788 Definition of Totem Pole (Dudoward) Page 788 Stone Pillar of Gitsalas Page 788 Models of Poles and Posts Among the Haidas (Swanton) Page 788 Substitutes for Totem Poles (Garfield) Page 788 Totem Carvers, Technique Page 789 Types of Carvers Among the Kitka'ata Tsimsyans Page 789 How a Haida Pole Was Made (Deans) Page 791 The Old House with Totem at Kayan (Swanton) Page 791 Selection and Carving of a Pole Among the Haidas Page 791 Method of Selecting and Carving a Pole (Keithahn) Page 793 The Technique of Carving Totem Poles (Keithahn) Page 795 Tools for Carving Among the Tlingit (Keithahn) Page 795 Carvers at Wrangell Page 795 How a Totem Pole Was Erected (Keithahn) Page 795 How Haida Poles Were Made (Deans) Page 796 Technique of the Gitksans Page 796 Gitksan Carvers of Totem Poles Page 798 Kwakiutl Totem-Pole Carvers Page 798 The Northern Frontier of Red Cedar (Keithahn) Page 800 Northern Frontier of Totem Poles (Keithahn) Page 800 Evolution of Design Among the Tlingit (Swanton) Page 800 Abalone Shells on Totem Poles Page 800 The Growth of Totem-Pole Carving - Early Records Page 801 I. Early Travel and Exploration Page 801 1. Captain James Cook (1778) Page 801 2. Captain George Dixon (1785) Page 801 3. De la Pérouse (1785) Page 803 4. Haswell (1787) Page 803 5. John Meares (1788) Page 803 6. John Bartlett (1790) Page 803 7. Etienne Marchand (1791) Page 803 8. Manuel Quimper (1790) Page 805 9. Hoskins (1790) Page 806 10. Captain Joseph Ingraham (1791) Page 806 11. Captain George Vancouver (1792) Page 806 12. Jacinto Caamano (1792) Page 808 13. Boit (1792) Page 809 14. Camille de Roquefeuille (1816) Page 809 15. Capitaine Péron (1824) Page 810 16. Jonathan S. Green (1829) Page 810 II. Comments by Later Observers Page 810 17. James Deans (1862-1870) Page 810 18. James Deans (1870-1880) Page 810 19. James G. Swan (1874) Page 813 20. James Deans (1860's) Page 814 21. James Deans (1884) Page 816 22. A. P. Niblack (1888) Page 817 23. J. R. Swanton (1904) Page 817 24. John W. Arctander (1909) Page 817 25. Mrs. Lewis Shotridge (1913) Page 818 26. Livingston F. Jones (1914) Page 818 27. Edward L. Keithahn (1945) Page 818 28. Fred S. Johnston (1947) Page 818 29. Poles in Alaska in the 1880's (Keithahn) Page 318 30. The Age of Totem Poles (Keithahn) Page 819 31. The Art of the Northwest Coast Is Recent (Keithahn) Page 821 32. The Age of Totem Poles (W. A. Newcombe) Page 821 33. Nass Origin of Detached Poles (Raley) Page 821 34. Age of the Gitksan Poles on Upper Skeena River Page 821 III. In Mythology and Tales Page 821 35. The Raven Makes a Totem Pole (Swanton) Page 821 36. Dreaming of Totem Poles Page 822 37. The First Totem (Paul) Page 824 IV. Opinions of the Tsimsyan and Haida Informants as to Age of Art of Carving and Erecting Totem Poles Page 825 38. Edensaw Page 825 39. Mrs. Susan Grey Page 825 40. Henry Young Page 825 41. Alfred Young Page 828 42. Dennis Wood Page 828 Early Culture Contacts on the Northwest Coast Page 831 Early Russian Contacts in Alaska from 1785 to 1795 (Quimby) Page 833 Haida Carvers Widely Travelled Page 837 Workshop Items Page 837 Sources of Information Page 843 Bibliography Page 845 Addenda Page 848 Conservation and Restoration of Totem Poles Page 849 Conservation of Totem Poles Page 849 Totem Restoration in Recent Decades (Keithahn) Page 854 Totem Poles Destroyed (Keithahn) Page 855 Totem Poles at Sitka Not Really Sitkan (Keithahn) Page 856 Restoration of Gitksan Totem Poles Page 859 Restoration of Totem Poles Among the Tsimsyans Page 859 Why Fallen Totems Are Abandoned Page 859