Contents

EDITORS' PREFACE pp. 13-14

CHAPTER I

FROM THE DIFFUSION OF THE FAITH TO THE DEATH OF ORIGEN (254),

(i) The Church in Palestine : influence of Greek philosophy upon Judaism in Alexandria : Syncretist tendencies and the Gnostic systems,

(ii) Christianity and philosophy : the earliest Apologists and their method. St. Justin,

(iii) The early heresies : Marcionism ; Montanism ; Monarchianism. Neoplatonism. The great Christian protagonists ; St. Irenaeus ; Clement of Alexandria ; Tertullian ; St. Cyprian of Carthage ; Origen . pp. 15-39

CHAPTER II

FROM ORIGEN (254) TO THE DEATH OF AUGUSTINE (430)

(i) The causes of misunderstandings between East and West. The great heresies and the Greek Fathers : Arianism, St. Athanasius : St. Gregory the wonder-worker, and the Cappadocian triad, St. Basil, St. Gregory of Nyssa, and St. Gregory of Nazianzos. St. John Chrysostom ; St. Cyril of Jerusalem. Nestorianism, St. Cyril of Alexandria,

(ii) The Latin Fathers ; St. Hilary of Poitiers ; St. Jerome, St. Ambrose,

(iii) St. Augustine. The centre of gravity shifts to the West, and the Church now talks Latin. pp 40-60

CHAPTER III

FROM THE SACK OF ROME (476) TO THE DECLINE OF THE MIDDLE AGE (1303)

(i) The Formation of Christendom, 476-1073. Principles of cohesion which survived the break-up of the Empire. The "handers-on " of the old culture : Boethius, Cassiodorus, St. Gregory the Great ; St. Isidore. The Benedictines, The Irish monks ; St. Columba ; St. Columbanus. The course of civilization in England. St. Augustine ; St. Benet Biscop ; St. Aldhelm ; St. Bede the Venerable. King Alfred. The revelation of national temperament. St. Boniface ; St Willibrord ; St. Ansgar. The Court of Charlemagne. Alcuin of York ; Raban Maurus ; Walafrid Strabo ; John Eriugena ; Paschasius Radbert. Culture in Italy ; Monte Cassino ; St. Peter Damian ; St. Anselm of Bee. Gerbert of Aquitaine. The rise of nations.

(ii) The Triumph of Christendom, 107 3-1 303. The XIHth Century Renaissance. The rise of Universities. The problem of Faith v. Reason. Abaelard and Bernard, The Books of " Sentences " ; Peter Lombard. The problem of "Universals." The Victorines. The re-birth of Aristotle. The Franciscans and Dominicans. Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, and St. Thomas Aquinas. Scholasticism. St. Bonaventure. The decline of Scholasticism. Duns Scotus, and the tendency to divorce the truth of Philosophy from that of Faith. The anarchic character of medieval heresies. The Catharists, the Albigenses ; Wyckliff ; the Lollards and the Hussites pp. 61-92

CHAPTER IV

REVOLUTION AND REFORMATION (1303-1789)

(i) Humanism. The Latin "renaissance " in Italy. Petrarch. The rise of Nationalism as against Christendom. The Greek renaissance in Italy and the Papal attitude towards it. The New Learning in Germany and England. Erasmus ; Thomas More,

(ii) The Religious Revolution. Luther; Calvin,

(iii) The Catholic Reformation. The Council of Trent : revival of studies ; scriptural, Maldonatus ;

historical, Baronius ; dogmatic, Bellarmine ; then Suarez. Results of the Church being on The defensive. Mysticism ; St. Teresa and St. John of the Cross. Education ; St. Angela Merici ; Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits.

(iv) The XVIIth Century. The centre of activity shifts to France. Philanthropy ; St. Vincent de Paul. Piety ; St. Francis de Sales. The reaction ; du Bay, Jan sen, Pascal, Quesnel; The Quietists, Descartes. Renewal of positive study ; Petau, the Benedictines of St. Maur ; Papebroche, etc. Philosophy ; Descartes ; and Philosophisme. The need of a Revolution to conquer Absolutism pp. 93-110

CHAPTER V

THE MODERN ERA

(i) The mental chaos of the modern period. The Rationalist tendency. The rejection of Papal authority involved sooner or later that of all authority save the individual intellect. English deism : Lord Herbert of Cherbury : Hobbes, Locke, Hume. French scepticism ; Bayle, Diderot, d'Alembert. The Encyclopidie. Voltaire, d'Holbach, Rousseau. The German rationalist movement. The Court of Frederick II of Prussia. The Aufklarung. Its alliance with Poetry and the Pulpit. Lessing, Goethe,

Schiller. Romanticism. "Faust." — The Pietist movement. The Reform within the Reform.

Holland and Switzerland : Spener and ZinzendorPs Herrnhuters. In England, the Quakers and John Wesley. Swedenborg. — The advance and independence of " Science." — The " false dawn " of Socialism. Rousseau. The practical effects of the European revolutions. Proudhon, Saint-Simon ; R. Owen ; Lassalle and Karl Marx. The Catholic reaction : Lammenais, Lacordaire, Ozanam ; Ketteler, Mermillod, Comte de Mun, Cardinal Manning, Leo XIII. The theology of Authority and the

Papacy. J. de Maistre, de Bonald. The Vatican Council,

(ii) The Mental Revolution. Kant, Schelling, Hegel ; Positivism and Comte. Interaction of these evolutionary systems with Darwinism,

(iii) Positive research and " criticism." In Scripture, Strauss, Baur, Renan ; in the history of dogma, Weizsacker, Harnack. The comparative history of religions and the philosophy of religion ; Tylor, Spencer, Frazer ; Reinach, etc. The German reaction ; Schleiermacher, Ritschl ; and the Romeward movement ; G5rres, Schlegel. Echoes within Catholicism ; Hermes, Giinther, Froschammer. Dollinger and the " Liberal " movement. The pessimist reaction ; Schopenhauer, Nietzsche. The romantic school in France ; Chateaubriand ; efforts for reconciliation with the new thought ; Lamennais, de Bonald, Bautain ; Gioberti, Gratry, Rosmini. The conflict between the ideals of UUniver and he Correspondant, and its counterpart in England ; W. G. Ward ; Acton. The Vatican Council ; Modernism. The evolution of France since 1870. Materialism ; Taine, Renan. The decline from Gambetta to Combes. The reaction in literature, science, philosophy, and national life ; Bourget; Huysmans, Coppee; Psichari ; Barrfes ; Bergson, Delbos. Influence of W. James's pragmatism.

(iv) The evolution of Christian thought in England. The Evangelical movement ; the Liberal movement, Whately, T. Arnold; Hampden, Colenso. The influence of Shelley, Keats, Byron, Wordsworth ; Erskine and Campbell ; F. D. Maurice. Thinkers from Stanley and Jowett to J. and E. Caird and T. H. Green. The Oxford Movement ; Keble, Pusey, J. H. Newman. Effect upon the Established Church. Conclusion. Catholic rejuvenescence . pp. 111-160