APPLIED
VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY
AND OBSTETRICS
Dr. Pradeep Kumar
M.V.Sc., Ph. D (pursuing)
Division of Animal Reproduction
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.)
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Dedicated
to
my beloved centenarian grandfather
Shri Babujan Prasad
(12.06.1906 - till date)
whose blessings have brought me here upto...

Perfection is accomplished not by doing
extraordinary things, but by doing ordinary
things extraordinarily well.

vii
PREFACE
This book has been written for the purpose to cover the practical and
clinical aspects of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics. The author
has tried to prepare this book in a unique manner. The matter has
been presented in a very simple language and lucrative manner so
that one can read this book in one breath. In many books, very
exhaustive and huge informations are given but these are very boring
task to read for undergraduate students and clinicians. The aim of
the book is to tell a scientific and technically sound precise story instead
of presenting a data base encyclopaedia on the subject. Therefore the
materials has been arranged accordingly and the supplementary
informations or more detailed explanations are given in the boxes
which can be consulted at once or return to after the principal points
have been grasped. For increasing the interest and to give the
information of new advances in the field of Veterinary Gynaecology,
the author has made his every possible effort. For this, ‘Interesting
Facts’, ‘Clinical Pointers’, ‘Do you know?’ ‘Points to Remember’ etc.
have been incorporated in the boxes in between the matter. My main
motto in compiling information in this book is to provide relevant
information in a simple and interesting way so that matter should
not appear difficult to understand by an average undergraduate
students. A number of illustrations and photographs have been
included to make each chapter meaningful. At the end of each chapter,
‘observations’ and ‘exercise’ have been given which will help a clinician
in testing his/her acquired knowledge and a student in preparing for
examinations and viva-voce. It is hoped that this style of writing will
encourage the use of this book for the final year B.V.Sc & A.H.,
students and Veterinary clinicians.
This book also cover clinical cases of cattle and buffalo in an interesting
way with new concepts. Wherever it becomes necessary to point out
the old concepts of treatment, I did and highlighted the new concepts
of treatments. Thus this book gives an information about latest trend
of treatments and explain the disadvantages of adopting old trend of
treatments.
In this book, various interesting and clinically important chapters have
been included which are generally not given in the text books available
in the market. For example, pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants
by ‘recto-abdominal palpation’, early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle
by ‘milk ejection test’ etc. These are very-very simple and reliable
techniques for diagnosis of pregnancy. Generally pregnancy diagnosis
viii
in small ruminants requires X-ray and ultrasound because only
abdominal palpation is not confirmatory diagnosis. However, use of
these sophisticated methods are not feasible in the field conditions,
whereas ‘recto-abdominal palpation technique’ gives 90-100 %
accuracy without use of any sophisticated instrument. Likewise the
author has tried to give as many such informations which can be
applied in Indian field conditions.
Therefore author thinks that this book is a readymade matter on
Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics for final year undergraduate
students of B.V.Sc. & A.H., field veterinarians and academicians. This
book is also useful for various competitive examinations and
interviews.
This book has been divided into three parts. In the part I from chapter
1 to 17 are designed to help the final year students, beginners and
clinicians to understand the anatomy and physiology of reproduction,
gynaecological examinations and their applications to diagnose the
clinical problems.
In part II, chapters 18 to 28 emphasize the application of basic concepts
of obstetrical cases and their management. In this part, author has
tried to explain the basic principles of obstetrics, which are generally
over-looked in most of the books available in the market. For example
‘how to apply rope on the legs and head of foetus’, ‘how to prevent
the inner wall of uterus and birth canal from the teeth and hooves of
the foetus’, ‘what should be the direction for traction of rope in
different stages’ etc. Separate obstetrical cases, their incidences, causes
and treatments have not been discussed in detail. Foetotomy and
caesarean section have been described in detail.
In part III, chapters 29 to 46 have been devoted to the therapeutic
management of gynaecological problems. This part describes some
of the problems that are commonly encountered in the field. The aim
of writing this part is to at least provide a coherent overall therapy
guide, create a stimulus and direction for greater in-depth study on
particular chapter, and contribute a useful compilation of existing
practical therapeutic knowledge for the veterinary undergraduates,
clinicians and academicians. Antimicrobial agents are the most
frequently used and misused drugs in veterinary practice. A rational
approach to antimicrobial therapy entails choosing the proper drug
to be administered to the particular animals after considerations of
potential benefits and risks. Prerequisites to rational therapy include
a diagnosis, understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and
ix
pharmacology of the drug and the establishment of therapeutic
objectives. It is the purpose of this part to describe an approach to
rational treatment of infections, which cause infertility in cattle and
buffaloes. Part III also includes effect of homoeopathic medicines on
the female genital tract. Hahnemann (1814) advocated their use in
animals and so Veterinary Homoeopathy has a long tradition.
At the end of this book, ‘Glossary’ and ‘Appendix’ have been given
which will help the veterinary graduates in preparing for various
competitive examinations, viva-voce examinations and interviews
because these have been collected and arranged in a very lucid manner.
The author encourages constructive comments and valuable
suggestions, addition, alteration and correction for any typing error
for improving this book in the next edition.
PRADEEP KUMAR
x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
“Timely help albeit small will ever be greater than the universe.
I would like to thank all known and unknown hands who directly or
indirectly gave their valuable contributions in gestation and birth of
this book.
In preparing this book, I have been greatly aided by suggestions
received from many scientists including Dr. M.H. Akhtar, Dr. M.R.
Ansari, Dr. R.P. Pandey, Dr. G.P. Roy, Dr. A.P. Singh and Dr. C.
Singh.
“One who directs the path of progress is angelic.” Words are
inadequate to express my deep sense of indebtedness to Dr. G.P.
Roy, for instilling in me a spirit of hope, struggle, determination and
affection.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Dr. Jitendra
Kumar Singh for giving ideas to the use of homoeopathic drugs in
bovines.
I am extremely delighted in extending my thanks to Dr. Rahul Arya,
Dr. Neeraj Srivastava, Dr. V.K. Bharti and Dr. Braj Bhushan
Bachchoo for their constant encouragement and helping in proofreading
of the manuscript.
My friends and seniors Dr. Sanjay, Dr. Praveen, Dr. Shantanu, Dr.
Nirbhay, Dr. Sunil, Dr. Asthana, Dr. Nishant, Dr. Nirala, Dr. Ajeet,
Dr. Kaushal, Dr. Mithilesh, Dr. Dheeraj, Dr. Jeevan, Dr. Zeyaul
and many others deserve sincere thanks for their moral support and
valuable suggestions during writing of this book.
“Where emotions are involved, words cease to exist”. I admit my
inability to put into words, the depth of gratitude and respect. I owe
a lot to my Parents for the sacrifices made by them at the cost of their
comfort and happiness to bring me up to this stage.
Last but not the least, I thank the Almighty for blessing me with
indomitable will-power, courage, strength and stamina to accomplish
this arduous task.
xi
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART – I : GYNAECOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
1. Study of female genitalia in slaughter house specimens 3
2. Comparative anatomy of female reproductive tracts 9
3. Per-rectal palpation of female genital organs 20
4. Oestrus detection in cattle and buffalo 30
5. Behavioural signs of oestrus in mare, ewe, doe and bitch 38
6. Detection of oestrus in bitch by vaginal cytology 43
7. Gynaecological examination of vagina 47
8. Technique of intra-uterine therapy 49
9. Collection of genital discharge 52
10. Examination of cervico-vaginal mucus sample 54
11. External and per-rectal pregnancy diagnosis in cattle/
buffalo 57
12. Early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle by “Milk-Ejection
Test” 68
13. Differential diagnosis of pregnancy in bovine 70
14. Pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants 73
15. Biological and chemical methods of pregnancy diagnosis 77
16. Care of the postpartum dam 82
17. Care of newborn 85
PART – II : OBSTETRICS
18. Pelvices of different domestic animals 95
19. Pelvimetry of domestic animals 102
20. Presentation, position and posture of foetus 106
21. Caudal epidural anaesthesia 116
22. Uses of obstetrical instruments 124
23. An approach to a case of dystocia 132
24. Evidence of foetal life 140
25. Vaginal delivery by using mutation and force traction
technique 144
26. Techniques of foetotomy 159
xii
27. Techniques of caesarean section in farm animals 172
28. Diagnosis and management of uterine torsion in
farm animals 180
PART – III : CURRENT DRUG THERAPY
29. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of anoestrus cow 193
30. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of cystic ovarian
degeneration 199
31. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of repeat breeder
cows 208
32. Principles of antimicrobials therapy 216
33. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of post-partum
infections in bovines 221
34. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of endometritis
in bovines 230
35. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of septic puerperal
metritis 237
36. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of pyometra 243
37. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of retention of
placenta 248
38. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of Vaginal
prolapse in in bovines 258
39. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of prolapse of
uterus in bovines 271
40. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of foetal
mummification 276
41. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of foetal
maceration 283
42. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of hydramnios
and hydrallantois 287
43. Artificial induction of lactation in infertile bovine 293
44. Hormonal drugs acting on the reproductive system 296
45. Homoeopathy in Female Reproductive Disorders 307
46. Drugs commonly used in bovine reproductive disorders 318
GLOSSARY 327
APPENDICES 349
INDEX 360