2.2 HelloRSpec ....................... 33 2.3 HelloCucumber..................... 35.

3 Describing Features 39 3.1 IntroducingCodebreaker................ 40 3.2 PlanningtheFirstRelease ............... 40 3.3 PlanningtheFirstIteration .............. 46 3.4 WhatWe’veLearned................... 54

CONTENTS 8

4 Automating Features with Cucumber 55

4.1 Steps and Step Definitions . 4.2 Step Definition Methods .. 4.3 TestDouble ....... .. 4.4 What We’ve Learned . . . ..

5 Describing Code with RSpec

.............. 57 .............. 58 .............. 62 .............. 64

65

5.1 Getting Started with RSpec 5.2 Red:StartwithaFailingCodeExample....... 68 5.3 Green:GettheExampletoPass. . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.4 Refactor.......................... 74 5.5 WhatWe’veLearned................... 78

6 Adding New Features 79 6.1 ScenarioOutlinesinCucumber . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6.2 RespondingtoChange ................. 82 6.3 WhatWe’veLearned................... 85

7 Specifying an Algorithm 86 7.1 BeginwiththeSimplestExample . . . . . . . . . . . 86 7.2 RefactortoRemoveDuplication . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 7.3 RefactortoExpressIntent ............... 91 7.4 WhatWe’veLearned................... 96

8 Refactoring with Confidence 98 8.1 SniffingOutCodeSmells................ 98 8.2 OneStepataTime ................... 100 8.3 UpdatingSpecsAfterRefactoring . . . . . . . . . . . 109 8.4 Exploratory Testing . . . . . . ............. 113 8.5 WhatWe’veLearned. . . . . . ............. 114

9 Feeding Back What We’ve Learned

116

9.1 UseCucumberforCollaboration . . . . . . . . . . . 116 9.2 Experimenting with a New Implementation . . . . . 120 9.3 WhatWe’veLearned................... 124

.............. 65

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CONTENTS 9

II 10

11

III 12

13

Behaviour-Driven Development 126

The Case for BDD 127 10.1 HowTraditionalProjectsFail............. 127 10.2 WhyTraditionalProjectsFail............. 128 10.3 RedefiningtheProblem................. 132 10.4 TheCostofGoingAgile................. 135 10.5 WhatWe’veLearned................... 138

Writing Software That Matters 140 11.1 ADescriptionofBDD.................. 140 11.2 ThePrinciplesofBDD ................. 140 11.3 TheProjectInception .................. 141 11.4 TheCycleofDelivery .................. 143 11.5 What’sinaStory?.................... 147 11.6 WhatWe’veLearned................... 150

RSpec 151

Code Examples 152 12.1 DescribeIt!........................ 153 12.2 PendingExamples.................... 157 12.3 Hooks:Before,After,andAround . . . . . . . . . . . 160 12.4 HelperMethods ..................... 164 12.5 SharedExamples .................... 166 12.6 NestedExampleGroups ................ 168 12.7 WhatWe’veLearned................... 171

RSpec::Expectations 172 13.1 should,should_not,andmatchers.......... 173 13.2 Built-inMatchers .................... 174 13.3 PredicateMatchers ................... 182 13.4 BeTrueintheEyesofRuby.............. 183 13.5 HaveWhateverYouLike ................ 184 13.6 OperatorExpressions.................. 188 13.7 GeneratedDescriptions................. 189 13.8 Subjectivity........................ 190 13.9 WhatWe’veLearned................... 192

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CONTENTS 10

14 RSpec::Mocks 193 14.1 TestDoubles....................... 194 14.2 MethodStubs ...................... 195 14.3 MessageExpectations ................. 197 14.4 Test-SpecificExtensions ................ 199 14.5 MoreonMethodStubs ................. 203 14.6 MoreonMessageExpectations . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 14.7 When to Use Test Doubles and Test-Specific Exten-

sions ........................... 215 14.8 RisksandTrade-Offs.................. 220 14.9 Choosing Other Test Double Frameworks . . . . . . 222 14.10 WhatWe’veLearned................... 224

15 Tools and Integration 226 15.1 TherspecCommand .................. 226 15.2 TextMate ......................... 231 15.3 Autotest.......................... 232 15.4 Rake............................ 232 15.5 RCov ........................... 234 15.6 WhatWe’veLearned................... 235

16 Extending RSpec 236 16.1 Metadata ......................... 236 16.2 Configuration ...................... 237 16.3 Filtering.......................... 237 16.4 ExtensionModules ................... 240 16.5 GlobalHooks....................... 241 16.6 MockFramework .................... 241 16.7 CustomMatchers .................... 242 16.8 Macros .......................... 246 16.9 CustomFormatters................... 249 16.10 WhatWe’veLearned................... 252

IV Cucumber 253

17 Intro to Cucumber 254 17.1 From20,000Feet .................... 255 17.2 Features ......................... 255 17.3 CustomerAcceptanceTests .............. 259 17.4 Gherkin.......................... 259 17.5 Scenarios......................... 261

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CONTENTS 11

17.6 Steps ........................... 262 17.7 ThecucumberCommand ............... 263 17.8 Given/When/Then ................... 264 17.9 Declarative and Imperative Scenario Styles . . . . . 265

17.10 Organizing Features 17.11 Tags.......... 17.12 What We’ve Learned .

18 Cucumber Detail

.................. 266 .................. 267 .................. 269

271

18.1 StepDefinitions ..................... 271 18.2 World ........................... 273 18.3 Calling Steps Within Step Definitions . . . . . . . . 274 18.4 Hooks........................... 275 18.5 Background ....................... 277 18.6 MultilineText ...................... 278 18.7 TablesinSteps ..................... 279 18.8 ScenarioOutlines.................... 280 18.9 Configuration ...................... 282 18.10 WhatWe’veLearned................... 282

V Behaviour-Driven Rails 284

19 BDD in Rails 285 19.1 Outside-InRailsDevelopment............. 286 19.2 SettingUpaRails3Project .............. 288 19.3 SettingUpaRails2Project .............. 291 19.4 WhatWe’veLearned................... 291

20 Cucumber with Rails 292 20.1 StepDefinitionStyles.................. 292 20.2 DirectModelAccess................... 294 20.3 WhatWe’veLearned................... 299

21 Simulating the Browser with Webrat 300 21.1 Writing Simulated Browser Step Definitions . . . . . 301 21.2 NavigatingtoPages ................... 306 21.3 ManipulatingForms .................. 310 21.4 Specifying Outcomes with View Matchers . . . . . . 315 21.5 BuildingontheBasics ................. 318 21.6 WhatWe’veLearned................... 321

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CONTENTS 12

22 Automating the Browser with Webrat and Selenium 322 22.1 GettingStarted ..................... 323 22.2 Writing Step Definitions for Selenium . . . . . . . . 326 22.3 DebuggingSeleniumIssues .............. 330 22.4 WhatWe’veLearned................... 332

23 Rails Views 333 23.1 WritingViewSpecs ................... 333 23.2 MockingModels ..................... 336 23.3 SpecifyingHelpers.................... 343 23.4 WhenShouldIWriteViewSpecs?. . . . . . . . . . . 345 23.5 WhatWe’veLearned................... 345

24 Rails Controllers 347 24.1 ControllerSpecs..................... 347 24.2 Context-SpecificExamples............... 354 24.3 Specifying ApplicationController . . . . . . . . . . . 363 24.4 WhatWe’veLearned................... 365

25 Rails Models 367 25.1 WritingModelSpecs .................. 367 25.2 SpecifyingBusinessRules............... 375 25.3 Exercise.......................... 384 25.4 UsefulTidbits ...................... 385 25.5 WhatWe’veLearned................... 388

A RubySpec 390 A.1 TheProject........................ 391 A.2 Syntax .......................... 391 A.3 Guards .......................... 393 A.4 Extensibility ....................... 394 A.5 MSpec........................... 396 A.6 Tags............................ 396 A.7 Community........................ 397

B RSpec’s Built-in Expectations 399 C Bibliography 403