An edition of Fundamental Ethics
(1921)
Fundamental Ethics
An Ethical Analysis, Conducted By Way Of Question And Answer, For Use In Classes Of Moral Philosophy
by William Poland
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Publish Date
1921
Publisher
Loyola University Press
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Fundamental Ethics: An Ethical Analysis, Conducted By Way Of Question And Answer, For Use In Classes Of Moral Philosophy
1921, Loyola University Press
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER I. ETHICS AND MAN.
Article I. Nature and Requirements of Ethics. Nature of Ethics — Previous truths to be admitted — The will of man, though free, is responsible to its Creator 11
Article II. Standard of Good and Evil.
Good and evil — Right and wrong — How to find the standard — A fundamental fact and a consequence — The purpose of creation — The system of the universe — The order of nature — The order broken 13
Article III. Man.
Man — Body and soul a unit — Reason and free will in right and wrong 16
Article IV. The End and the Good.
The end of anything — How found — Proximate, ultimate, and intermediate end — The "good" — The highest good — All goods, for man, subordinated to the highest good, as all man's acts are subordinated to the highest exercise of the act peculiar to human nature 17
CHAPTER II. THE HUMAN ACT.
Article I. The Human Act and the Innate Tendency.
The human act — The act of the man — Knowledge and free will — The purpose — The final purpose — The mistaken purpose — The good of reason — The good of the will — The innate tendency 20
Article II. The True and the Apparent Good.
The choice of the will — The true good and the apparent good — Evil, as evil, never chosen — Two guiding rules 24
Article III. Perfect Happiness.
Perfect happiness — Desired by all —Attainable — Found in the possession of the highest good — Not attainable in this life — How to arrive at it 26
Article IV. The Voluntary and the Free.
Spontaneous action — Voluntary and involuntary act — Elicited and commanded act — The voluntary, indirect and vitual — Distinction between free and voluntary 30
Article V. Circumstances Affecting the Volutary.
Ignorance and concupiscence — Violence and fear — Invincible, vincible, and studied ignorance — A forced act — The voluntary in the habit 35
Article I. Moral Good and Moral Evil.
Morality — It belongs to the human act — Moral good and moral evil — The keeping or disturbing of the natural order of things — Moral good and moral evil for man — The human act, morally good, keeps man directed towards his last end — The word "moral" 41
Article II. Determinants of Morality.
Determinants of morality — Purpose, means, circumstances — Circumstances: relevant, irrelevant, aggravating, extenuating, specifying — Act: when materially or formally bad — The intention or the desire not accomplished — The indifferent act 44
Article III. False Views.
Opinion or human law does not affect the intrinsic morality of an act — No rule of morality in atheism, pantheism, materialism — The so-called "moral sense" 49
CHAPTER III. MORALITY.
Article IV. Imputability.
Imputability — Attributable and imputable — An act imputable in so far as voluntary 50
CHAPTER IV. LAW.
Article I. The Moral Law.
Law — The moral law — Its binding force — Law, rule, precept — Characters of law — Law binding only when promulgated 52
Article II. The Natural Law.
The natural law — Its existence — Readily known — A special testimony — The natural law is divine — It is that part of the eternal law which applies to man's free acts — Natural law irrevocable, unchangeable .54
Article III. Promulgation of the Natural Law.
Natural law promulgated by reason — Reason is not the law — False position of Kant — How rectified — What is meant by the expression "law of reason" .57
Article IV. Obligation.
Obligation — Physical and moral freedom — Foundation of obligation — Mistake of rationalists — Office of reason — Law prior to obligation 60
Article V. Knowledge of the Natural Law.
Knowledge of the natural law — Fundamental principles — Immediate and remote conclusions — The first principle 63
Article VI. Command and Prohibition.
Affirmative and negative precepts — How they oblige 65
Article VII. Sanction of Law.
Sanction — Sanction of the natural law — Natural consequence of violated law — Partial and complete sanction — Sanction known — Threefold sanction 66
Article VIII. Positive Law.
Positive law — Its possibility — Divine and human — How known — Ultimate basis — Presupposes natural law — The unjust law — Ignorance in the transgressor of human law 69
Article IX. A Summary.
Summary — Essential difference between natural and positive law — Natural law enforced by the civil law 73
CHAPTER V. MORAL CONSCIENCE.
Article I. Moral Conscience.
Moral conscience — True and false conscience — Culpability and fake conscience 75
Article II. Moral Certainty and Doubt.
Moral certainty — Inquiry — Invincible ignorance — Doubt — Examination — The unpromulgated law — An important restriction — Example — Education of conscience — "Feelings" are not conscience 77
CHAPTER VI. AIDS AND HINDRANCES TO OBSERVANCE OF MORAL ORDER.
Article I. The Passions.
The passions — Of the sensitive order — An instrument of the will — Not our guide — Why called bad — The primary passions 81
Article II. Habits: Virtues, Vices.
Habits — An act and a habit — A moral habit — Virtue and vice — The cardinal virtues : prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance 86
CHAPTER VII. SOME ERRORS.
Sentimentalism — Sensism — Sensualism — Positivism — Utilitarianism 90
CHAPTER VIII. DUTY AND RIGHT.
Duty and right — Moral obligation and moral power — Free will under law — Our essential relations 93
CHAPTER IX. RIGHTS.
Article I. Basis and Nature of Rights.
Law the principle of right and duty — Enforcing of rights — Impeded right — Inviolable moral power — Subject, term, matter, and title of right 96
Article II. Partition of Rights.
Innate and acquired rights — Alienable and inalienable rights 98
CHAPTER X. DUTIES.
Duty — Its source — Natural and positive duties — Negative and affirmative duties — Motive of duty — Perfect and imperfect duties — Term of a duty 101
CHAPTER XI. COLLISION OF RIGHTS.
Article I. Collision 106
Article II. Summary of Cases 108
Article III. Some Principles 112
CHAPTER XII. VINDICATION OF RIGHTS.
Vindication — Perfect rights — Repelling the aggressor — The use of force — The rule of defence — Reparation of an injury — The use of force — Appeal to authority 118
CHAPTER XIII. ARGUMENT OF THE WORK.
Argument of the Work 123
Index 133
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| September 23, 2022 | Edited by Tom Morris | merge authors |
| September 13, 2020 | Edited by MARC Bot | import existing book |
| November 6, 2015 | Created by ww2archive | Added new book. |