This book comprehensively reviews the current status of research involving ion implantation of diamond, graphite and related carbon-based materials. The major part of the discussion is devoted to diamond and graphite, since these have been most extensively studied. For background, a short tutorial presentation is given on the structure and properties of these materials prior to ion implantation. Also descibed is recent work on ion-implantaion effects in novel, related materials such as diamond-like (amorphous hydrogenated carbon) films, diamond films, glassy carbon, carbon fibers, and disordered carbons. Emphasis is given to the structural modifications that the implantation process induces in the various materials and how these modifications are reflected in their electrical, optical and mechanical properties. This volume will be of interest to researchers dealing with future electronic devices, machining tools, and fusion reactor materials and to those working in the gem-stone and cutting-tool industries.