This work can be recommended as an extensive course on p-adic mathematics, treating subjects such as a p-adic theory of probability and stochastic processes; spectral theory of operators in non-Archimedean Hilbert spaces; dynamic systems; p-adic fractal dimension, infinite-dimensional analysis and Feynman integration based on the Albeverio-Hoegh-Kröhn approach; both linear and nonlinear differential and pseudo-differential equations; complexity of random sequences and a p-adic description of chaos. Also, the present volume explores the unique concept of using fields of p-adic numbers and their corresponding non-Archimedean analysis, a p-adic solution of paradoxes in the foundations of quantum mechanics, and especially the famous Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox to create an epistemological framework for scientific use. Audience: This book will be valuable to postgraduate students and researchers with an interest in such diverse disciplines as mathematics, physics, biology and philosophy.