Prähistorische Textilkunst in Mitteleuropa

Geschichte des Handwerkes und Kleidung vor den Römern

Prähistorische Textilkunst in Mitteleuropa
Karina Grömer, Karina Grömer
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Last edited by MARC Bot
September 13, 2024 | History

Prähistorische Textilkunst in Mitteleuropa

Geschichte des Handwerkes und Kleidung vor den Römern

The roots of our history as well as the history of the textile craft reach back to the "dark ages" without written sources, the millennia before the ancient civilisations. Textiles, textile production and clothing were essentials of living in prehistory, locked into the system of society at every level - social, economic and even religious. In Roman Period written sources allow us to draw a colourful picture of textiles and their producers - about work and identity. For prehistory the mearge evidences from archaeological excavations has to be puzzled together. It is a delightful challenge, to create a hypothesis about "the people behind", about textile producers, about the history of clothing.
This book is dedicated to historians, costume designers, archaeologists und all persons, who are interested in handcraft and artisanship. We deal with the prehistory in Central Europe, with a special focus on Austrian sites and finds as well as the surrounding countries.

Our knowledge for textile production in pre-Roman Europe comes from various sources such as surviving textiles, grave finds, textile tools, archaeological evidences from settlements and depictions of crafts people and their products. From the last centuries before Christ, at the end of Iron Age, we also have sparse written sources. The title of this book "Prehistoric Textile Art" was chosen to point on the skill of prehistoric people to use different patterning techniques. Commonly prehistoric textiles from Europe before the ancient civilisations are thought to be very simple and primitive.

The aim of this book is to show the variety of working processes and techniques. It is a fact, that the most important techniques in textile handicraft and art, which we use even in the 21th century, have their roots in prehistoric times. They even reach back to Stone and Bronze Age. During this time human beings created the most important weaving and sewing techniques, weave and pattern types. Especially the Bronze Age innovations, like weaving twill, dyeing textiles or special pattern systems are surprising. There is a well development of textile techniques towards Iron Age. The textile qualities in Hallstatt Period are finer and multifaceted than in the preceding periods. They are rich in colour, as well as in different weave-types, patterns and decorations. There are different styles of band weaves.
Usually decorative techniques used in prehistoric times were introduced during weaving. Therefore typical designs of the patterns are connected with the warp and weft system of the weave. For example stripes or checked patterns are woven with warp and/or weft threads of different colours. For curving and circular designs there are different techniques to be used. For Central European prehistory we know of different brocade techniques with floating thread systems. Inserting or attaching different elements into a weave, such as beads or even metal stripes was known. Embroidery, the "small art" beside sewing, was used to create decorative products. Tablet weaving is a special weaving technique utilising four-holed tablets which permits to compose complicated and figurative designs. This technique reached its first zenith during Hallstatt Period

This first overview allows us to draw a picture of the development of textile production, starting from household production level in Stone and Bronze Age and culminating in more industrial level workshop production in Roman times. It is important to emphasise that, from Hallstatt Period onwards we know a highly developed textile art and there is evidence of a well organised textile production - on household level and possibly specialised craft and the first mass production in workshops. The textiles and tools show clearly, that there is a continuous development from the beginning of the Iron Age till Roman era. For the topic "work and identity" the crafts people - the textile producers - are in the focus as well as the organisation of the pro

Die kulturhistorische Bedeutung der Textiltechniken, besonders des Spinnens und Webens, ist gar nicht hoch genug einzuschätzen. Mit diesem Handwerk wurden nicht nur wesentliche Güter des täglichen Bedarfs - allen voran Kleidung - hergestellt, sondern auch Gebrauchswaren sowie repräsentative Objekte bis hin zu Luxusartikeln.
Der zeitliche und geografische Rahmen dieser Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Urgeschichte in Mitteleuropa, der Zeit vor der Einführung der Schrift, in Mitteleuropa also vor der Okkupation durch die Römer. Besonders österreichische Funde und Fundstellen, sowie solche aus den angrenzenden Nachbarländern stehen im Fokus.

Die Erfindung der wesentlichsten Techniken des textilen Handwerkes, die wir zum großen Teil noch in heutiger Zeit anwenden, reicht zurück bis in die Steinzeit. Ein wichtiges Anliegen dieses Buches ist es, ein differenziertes Bild des prähistorischen Textilhandwerkes zu zeichnen. Es besteht aus zahlreichen einzelnen Arbeitsschritten - nicht nur Spinnen und Weben - die in ihrer Gesamtheit dargestellt werden. Die geschichtliche Tiefe wird durch die verschiedenen archäologischen Quellen deutlich - vom Werkzeug, über Textilfunde, bis hin zu Schriftquellen in der späten Eisenzeit. Ab der Jungsteinzeit, ab den ersten frühen Bauerngesellschaften entwickelte der Mensch in seinem Einfallsreichtum viele Web- und Näh-techniken, Bindungs- und Musterungsarten, die uns zum größten Teil bis heute begleiten. Ab der Bronzezeit kommt es regelrecht zu einem "Innovationsschub", indem etwa die erste Köperbindung auftaucht, Färbung oder Spinnrichtungsmuster. Die Verfeinerung der Textiltechnik, sichtbar an den im Vergleich zur Bronzezeit feineren und vielfältigeren Wollstoffen der Eisenzeit, erreicht in der Hallstattzeit ihren ersten Höhepunkt. Die hallstattzeitlichen Stoffe sind von hoher Qualität und durch Bindungsart, Farben, Muster und Borten sehr dekorativ gestaltet. Möglicherweise wurde diese Entwicklung durch die Herausbildung differenzierter Gesellschaftsstrukturen am Beginn der Eisenzeit begünstigt.
Dem Haupttitel dieses Buches, der prähistorischen Textilkunst, widmet sich besonders das Kapitel über die Ziertechniken an Stoffen, da hier nicht jene landläufig gedachte primitive Einfachheit vorherrschte. Schon allein die verwendete Gewebebindung ist ein wesentliches gestalterisches Element - komplexe Köpervarianten ab der Bronzezeit heben sich schon durch ihr strukturiertes Aussehen von einfacheren leinwandbindigen ab. Wenn man dann zusätzlich verschiedene Farben für Kette und Schuß verwendete, so trat der Musterungseffekt einer Köperbindung mit der typischen Gratbildung, noch prägnanter hervor.
In der Urgeschichte Mitteleuropas wurden meist Musterungstechniken verwendet, die während des Webens erzielt wurden. Das Design der Muster geht Hand in Hand mit ihrer Herstellungstechnik. So ist beim Weben durch das System der Kett- und Schußfäden eine starke Betonung der senk- und waagrechten vorgegeben. Organisch entstehen so Streifen verschiedener Art und auch Karos, durch verschiedenfarbig aufgespannte Kettfäden und durch Wiederholen bunter Einträge im Schuß. Spinnrichtungsmuster gehören ebenfalls zu diesen während des Webvorganges geschaffenen, die in der mitteleuropäischen Eisenzeit sehr beliebt waren.
Wollte man Bogiges, Kurviges gestalten, so muss man auf andere Techniken zurückgreifen. Hier bieten sich vor allem verschiedenfärbige musterbildende Einträge im Schuß an - ob als flottierende Elemente über einem Grundgewebe. Das Einarbeiten verschiedener Elemente verschaffte dem kreativen Menschen ab der Jungsteinzeit ebenfalls ein weites Betätigungsfeld. Stickerei, die kleine Schwester der Nähtechnik, ist in Mitteleuropa bisher selten nachgewiesen, dennoch lässt sie sich ab der Bronzezeit durch die Zeiten verfolgen. Auch die Brettchenweberei - mit einer Hochblüte in Mitteleuropa in der Eisenzeit - bietet durch die Art ihrer Ausführung ein reiches Feld für schöpferische Arbeit im Musterdesign. Bei dieser

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Prähistorische Textilkunst in Mitteleuropa
2010, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
in German
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The roots of our history as well as the history of the textile craft reach back to the "dark ages" without written sources, the millennia before the ancient civilisations. Textiles, textile production and clothing were essentials of living in prehistory, locked into the system of society at every level - social, economic and even religious. In Roman Period written sources allow us to draw a colourful picture of textiles and their producers - about work and identity. For prehistory the mearge evidences from archaeological excavations has to be puzzled together. It is a delightful challenge, to create a hypothesis about "the people behind", about textile producers, about the history of clothing.
This book is dedicated to historians, costume designers, archaeologists und all persons, who are interested in handcraft and artisanship. We deal with the prehistory in Central Europe, with a special focus on Austrian sites and finds as well as the surrounding countries.

Our knowledge for textile production in pre-Roman Europe comes from various sources such as surviving textiles, grave finds, textile tools, archaeological evidences from settlements and depictions of crafts people and their products. From the last centuries before Christ, at the end of Iron Age, we also have sparse written sources. The title of this book "Prehistoric Textile Art" was chosen to point on the skill of prehistoric people to use different patterning techniques. Commonly prehistoric textiles from Europe before the ancient civilisations are thought to be very simple and primitive.

The aim of this book is to show the variety of working processes and techniques. It is a fact, that the most important techniques in textile handicraft and art, which we use even in the 21th century, have their roots in prehistoric times. They even reach back to Stone and Bronze Age. During this time human beings created the most important weaving and sewing techniques, weave and pattern types. Especially the Bronze Age innovations, like weaving twill, dyeing textiles or special pattern systems are surprising. There is a well development of textile techniques towards Iron Age. The textile qualities in Hallstatt Period are finer and multifaceted than in the preceding periods. They are rich in colour, as well as in different weave-types, patterns and decorations. There are different styles of band weaves.
Usually decorative techniques used in prehistoric times were introduced during weaving. Therefore typical designs of the patterns are connected with the warp and weft system of the weave. For example stripes or checked patterns are woven with warp and/or weft threads of different colours. For curving and circular designs there are different techniques to be used. For Central European prehistory we know of different brocade techniques with floating thread systems. Inserting or attaching different elements into a weave, such as beads or even metal stripes was known. Embroidery, the "small art" beside sewing, was used to create decorative products. Tablet weaving is a special weaving technique utilising four-holed tablets which permits to compose complicated and figurative designs. This technique reached its first zenith during Hallstatt Period

This first overview allows us to draw a picture of the development of textile production, starting from household production level in Stone and Bronze Age and culminating in more industrial level workshop production in Roman times. It is important to emphasise that, from Hallstatt Period onwards we know a highly developed textile art and there is evidence of a well organised textile production - on household level and possibly specialised craft and the first mass production in workshops. The textiles and tools show clearly, that there is a continuous development from the beginning of the Iron Age till Roman era. For the topic "work and identity" the crafts people - the textile producers - are in the focus as well as the organisation of the pro

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