An edition of Indulgences
(1906)
Indulgences
their origin nature and development
by Alexis Henri Marie Lépicier
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Table of Contents
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
DEATH AND THE TREE OF LIFE
"They shall eat the fruit of their own way, and shall be filled with their own devices." — Prov. i. 31.
THE NATURE OF SIN AND OF GOOD WORKS.
1. Death was introduced into the world by sin 1
2. The twofold guilt which sin imports 4
3. True sorrow for sin, an essential condition for restoration to the grace of God 4
4. Luther's acceptation of the word Penance 7
5. The Scriptural meaning of this word 9
6. The temporal debt is not always remitted through contrition 11
7. The power of satisfaction inherent to good works : it may be applied to others 14
8. A threefold case With regard to satisfaction 16
9. Christ's superabundant merits and satisfaction 19
10. What of these merits, if they are not applied 20
11. The doctrine of the Communion of Saints in the Catholic Church 21
12. Peter de Blois's letter on this subject to the Monks of Chichester 23
13. The Communion of Saints comprehends the Church Militant, Suffering, and Triumphant 24
14. The mystery of suffering 25
CHAPTER II
MERCY AND FORGIVENESS
"Bear ye one another's burdens, and so you shall fulfil the law of Christ." — Gal. vi. 2.
TRUE NOTION OF AN INDULGENCE.
1. Three ways in which satisfactory merits can be transferred 31
2. First case, if a particular member applies his satisfactions to another : this is no Indulgence 32
3. Second case, if a limited body make over their merits to a particular person : neither is this transfer an Indulgence 34
4. The Church is a political body, a state, and the Bishops only are her true Prelates 35
5. Third case, when this transfer is made out of the treasury of the Church by the first Prelates : this is an Indulgence 38
6. What conditions are required for the validity of an Indulgence : the first, lawful authority in him who grants it 39
7. The second, a just motive for granting the Indulgence : what this motive should be 42
8. The lessons taught by these two conditions 45
9. The third condition — state of grace in the Penitent, and the fulfilment of the works prescribed 46
10. Probable condition — that the faithful should be willing to satisfy the justice of God, as much as they are able 48
11. Indulgences on behalf of the dead 49
12. The Church grants them by way of suffrage only 51
13. Conditions required in order to gain Indulgences for the dead 52
14. What is an Indulgence, and what it is not 54
15. The Scriptural meaning of the word Indulgence 59
16. The Church probably took this word from the ancient Juris-consults 61
CHAPTER III
THE TWO FOUNTAINS
"Therefore, brethren, standfast, and hold the traditions which you have learned, whether by word or by our Epistle — 2 Thess. ii. 14.
INDULGENCES IN THE WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN WORD OF GOD.
1. The twenty-second article of the Church of England 66
2. Holy Scripture not the only source of faith 67
3. The practice of Indulgences implicitly contained in Holy Writ 68
4. The power of granting Indulgences, a consequence of the Power of the Keys 70
5. Explicit proofs in Holy Scripture in favour of Indulgences : the woman taken in adultery 72
6. St. Paul and the incestuous man of Corinth : inferences from this fact 73
7. Is tradition silent on the matter? 77
8. If the Church erred in granting Indulgences in the Middle Ages, the gates of Hell may be said to have prevailed against her 80
9. The absence of the exercise of a right, no argument against its existence 81
10. A distinction between what is essential and what is merely accidental in an Indulgence 83
11. The notion of development in the discipline of the Church 84
12. Two ways of studying tradition 87
13. Quintus Septimius Florentius Tertullian : his errors 88
CHAPTER IV
THE SECOND PLANK AFTER SHIPWRECK
"Therefore I reprehend myself and do penance in dust and ashes " — Job xlii. 6.
THE APOSTOLIC AGE AND THE FIRST CENTURIES OF THE CHURCH.
1. What penalties were inflicted on sin in the first ages of the Church 92
2. Four classes of Penitents. The first class : the weepers 93
3. Second class of Penitents : the hearers 94
4. Third class of Penitents : the kneelers 95
5. Fourth class of Penitents : the standers 96
6. The practice of the Western Church 97
7. St. Fabiola, her public penance 100
8. The Emperor Theodosius the Great and St. Ambrose 104
9. Public Penance not the only one in use in the primitive Church 108
10. When was public penance applied 111
11. Voluntary Penitents 111
12. The reconciliation 112
13. Those to whom reconciliation was denied 115
14. Satisfactory Penance not essentially canonical Penance 117
15. Bishops' power of shortening the different stages of public or canonical Penance, of granting an Indulgence 119
16. Further reasons for granting a relaxation from the canonical Penances 121
17. From the canonical Penances we can judge of the nature and extent of an Indulgence 123
CHAPTER V
THE LAPSED
"Bear ye one another's burdens, and so you shall fulfil the law of Christ." — Gal. vi. I.
FROM THE SECOND TO THE FOURTH CENTURY.
1. The restoration of God's kingdom and the destruction of idolatry 126
2. The origin of idolatry 128
3. The falseness of idolatry, according to St. Thomas Aquinas and Holy Scripture 130
4. Its extension in the first centuries of the Church 132
5. The book "Octavius" of Minucius Felix 133
6. Idolatry and the times of persecution 135
7. Snares laid by Julian the Apostate for the Christians 136
8. The persecution of Decius 139
9. The defection of Christians from the Church 140
10. Different kinds of lapsed 142
11. Conditions for re-admission into the Church 144
12. The "Libellus Martyrum," or Memorial of the Martyrs 144
13. It was an Indulgence strictly so called 147
14. St. Cyprian, Novatian and Felicissimus 148
15. St. Cyprian's book "De Lapsis" 152
16. SS. Marcellus and Eusebius 155
17. Charity of Christians in favour of the dead 158
CHAPTER VI
EVOLUTION
"So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast seed into the earthy and should sleep and rise night and day, and the seed should spring and grow up whilst he knoweth not." — Mark iv. 26, 27.
FROM THE FIFTH TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY.
1. The Church in times of peace 165
2. The penitential discipline subjected to a regular organisation 167
3. Canonical Penances, how inculcated by the Canons of Councils 170
4. False "Penitentials" rejected 172
5. The penitential Canons of the Council of Tribur and others 173
6. The severity of these Penances 174
7. Redemptions and commutations of Penances — what relation they had to Indulgences 177
8. Pilgrimages, especially to Rome 180
9. Often made with the purpose of gaining the Indulgences 182
10. The power of granting Indulgences gradually centred in the person of the Sovereign Pontiff 185
11. Pardons granted by letter 188
12. The Christian Stations 191
13. Their origin 193
14. Their development 195
15. The origin of Processions, of Rogations 195
16. Indulgences attached to the visit of the Stations 197
17. Pious foundations viewed with reference to Indulgences 198
CHAPTER VII
"DIEU LE VEUT"
"Take this holy sword, a gift from God, wherewith thou shalt over-throw the adversaries of my people Israel — 2 Mac. xv. 16.
FROM THE ELEVENTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
1. A difference between the works of man and the works of God 202
2. The Church a work of God 203
3. The East in the second half of the eleventh century 207
4. Efforts made by the Popes towards the rescue of the Christians 208
5. Urban II. and the first Crusade 210
6. The Indulgence attached to the Crusade 213
7. The second Crusade and St. Bernard 215
8. Indulgences granted for the building of churches 217
9. The origin of the Bulla Cruciatae 220
10. Works of art promoted by the granting of Indulgences 222
11. Indulgences granted for the translation of Relics 224
12. For the dedication of Churches 226
13. Similar Indulgences granted by the Bishops also 231
14. The Bishops apply to the Sovereign Pontiff for Indulgences 233
15. Gradual decline of canonical Penances another reason for granting more copious Indulgences 235
16. The Penance of Henry II 237
CHAPTER VIII
PILGRIMAGES AND THE GREAT "JOBEL"
"In the year of the Jubilee all shall return to their possessions" Lev. xxv. 13.
FROM THE THIRTEENTH TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
1. Continual growth of the Church 241
2. Pilgrimages to Holy Land and to Rome 243
3. Some famous shrines in England 245
4. The "Portiuncula" and the annexed Indulgence 246
5. Indulgences granted for the recitation of vocal prayers 249
6. Sentiment of the faithful, of the Saints 250
7. The great "Jobel" of 1300 252
8. Great crowds flock to Rome 255
9. Giotto and Dante present at it 256
10. The original meaning of the word "Jubilee" 258
11. The Jubilee of Clement VI 260
12. The Jubilee gained without going to Rome 263
13. Subsequent Jubilees 264
14. Further dispensations from going to Rome 267
15. The opening and closing of the Porta Sancta 269
16. The mystic signification of the Porta Sancta 270
CHAPTER IX
USE AND ABUSE
"For what, if some of them have not believed t Shall their unbelief make the faith of God without effect? God forbid. But God is true, and every man is a liar." — ROM. iii. 3, 4.
A RETROSPECT.
1. Indulgences in their connection with Catholic Dogma 272
2. With the Dogma of Papal Supremacy 274
3. With the Dogma of the Real Presence of our Lord in the Blessed Sacrament 276
4. With the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of our Blessed Lady 279
5. With the Dogma of Purgatory 281
6. Abuses of Indulgences no proof against their Divine institution 282
7. A threefold charge 283
8. Indulgences granted for alms-deeds 284
9. Have Indulgences ever been a cause of deception to the Faithful 286
10. The non-gaining of an Indulgence fully compensated 289
11. Apocryphal Indulgences 290
12. The Church condemned them 292
13. The errors put forth by some Preachers are corrected by the Church 292
14. She represses the ambition of the "Qusestores" 295
15. The Council of Trent abolishes their office 297
16. The faithful should carefully guard themselves against false Indulgences 298
CHAPTER X
THE REVOLT
"For they have said : . . . Let our strength be the law of justice . . . let us therefore lie in wait for the just, because he is not for our turn, and he is contrary to our doings." — WISD. ii. 11, 12.
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
1. The Friar of Wittenberg 303
2. The beginning of Martin Luther's defection from the Church of Rome 305
3. The scholastic doctrines in the Catholic Church 307
4. The groundwork of Luther's system 310
5. Indulgences promulgated for the completion of St. Peter's 312
6. Excesses committed by the preachers 312
7. Luther sets himself as an opponent 313
8. Luther's adversaries, Tetzel and Eckius 315
9. The question of Indulgences dependent on that of Penance and free-will 316
10. Behaviour of the Church during the attack 317
11. Luther summoned to the Pope's tribunal: his conferences with Cajetan 319
12. Leo X.'s decree 322
13. Luther turns to Erasmus for support 323
14. Luther's conference with Eckius : he is condemned by the Universities 324
15. The Bull "Exsurge Domine" 325
16. Practical effects of the Reformation with regard to Indulgences 328
17. God's Providence over His Church 329
CHAPTER XI
LOSS OR GAIN
"The wages of sin is death. But the grace of God, life everlasting in Christ Jesus our Lord" — Rom. vi. 23.
INDULGENCES IN THE PRESENT DAY.
1. Origin and office of the Sacred Congregation of Relics and Indulgences 332
2. Its authentic books 334
3. The Jubilee extended to the whole world 336
4. The Jubilee of 1825 337
5. How is it that the Church is now so liberal in granting Indulgences? 340
6. The difficulty of gaining an Indulgence greatly exaggerated 341
7. We are the younger children of the Church 344
8. Her compassion for human weakness and misery 345
9. Good effects of Indulgences : they make us value the Passion of Christ 347
10. They foster the spirit of prayer 348
11. They keep alive the fear of God in the soul 350
12. They promote charity 351
13. The "Heroic Act" 352
14. Its manifold advantages 354
15. Beneficial results of Indulgences 356
16. Bad effects of Protestantism 357
17. The study of history 358
18. Indulgence a claim of human nature 359
19. The basis of domestic and social relations 360
20. The idea of Indulgences instilled in public institutions 362
21. Epilogue 363
INDEX 367
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