"Issues relating to political Islam continue to present challenges to European foreign policies in the Middle East and North Africa. In this volume, European and regional experts analyse trends driving the radicalisation of political Islam as well as the contrary trend of de-radicalisation observed in some countries where Islamist parties have secured democratic political participation. The question underlying the book is whether the EU should engage more specifically with the 'moderate' Islamist parties, and at least recognise radical Islamist movements the achieve democratic electoral success and legitimacy, such as Palestinian Hamas. Current EU policies are largely negative on both accounts. The conclusions of this book argue for a change in this stance, with a three-dimensional approach: a) to put pressure on incumbent regimes to abandon the repression of moderate Islamist movements, b) to influence the legal and political frameworks regulating social and political participation in a more open way and c) to engage in dialogue with non-violent opposition forces--both Islamist and non-Islamist. In the absence of such policies, the EU risks contributing to a re-radicalisation of movements that have become disillusioned with the failure of their political moderation to produce results."--Page 4 of cover.