An edition of The See Of Rome In The Middle Ages
(1870)
The See Of Rome In The Middle Ages
by Oswald J. Reichel
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History, Papacy, Church history| Edition | Availability |
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The See Of Rome In The Middle Ages
July 25, 2007, Kessinger Publishing, LLC
Hardcover
in English
0548084068 9780548084069
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The See Of Rome In The Middle Ages
March 3, 2006, Kessinger Publishing, LLC
Paperback
in English
1425487963 9781425487966
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Book Details
Table of Contents
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
A. Change of field of Ecclesiastical History 1
B. Change of Character 3
C. Vicissitudes of Temporal and Ecclesiastical Power 4
PART I.
THE AGE OF GROWTH.
CHAPTER II.
THE WESTERN PATRIARCHS UNDER THE EASTERN EMPERORS.
A. State of the See of Rome in seventh century 9
(1) Causes of its importance 9
(2) Dignities included in the office 11
(3) Beginning of a new dignity 13
B. Gregory I. the Great 18
(1) His ecclesiastical administration 21
(2) Political relations 30
(3) Internal administration 32
C. The Successors of Gregory I. 34
(1) Dependence on the Eastern Empire 34
(2) Submission of the West 39
CHAPTER III.
THE TRANSFER OF ALLEGIANCE.
A. Causes of the Transfer 45
(1) Dependence on Constantinople a cause of weakness 45
(2) Iconoclasm of Emperor Leo III. 46
(3) The Lombards 50
B. Appeal of the Latin Patriarchs to the West 54
(1) Appeal of Gregory III. 54
(2) Zachary and the First Donation 56
(3) Stephen II. and the Second Donation 63
(4) Hadrian I. and the Third Donation 67
C. Allegiance given to revived Western Empire 72
(1) Troubles of Leo III. 72
(2) Charles in Rome 73
(3) Coronation of Charles 74
CHAPTER IV.
THE POPES UNDER THE CAROLINGIANS.
A. The Papacy to the Treaty of Verdun 77
(1) Importance of the coronation 77
(2) Position of the Papacy after the coronation 79
B. The False Decretals 89
(1) History of the Decretals 89
(2) Drift of the Decretals 93
C. The Papacy as developed by the False Decretals 97
(1) Nicolas I. 97
(2) Hadrian II. 104
(3) John VIII. 109
Pedigree of Carolingians 112
CHAPTER V.
THE NIGHT OF THE PAPACY.
A. The Popes under the rivaLItalian parties 113
(1) Party of Guido of Spoleto and Lambert in the ascendant 15
(2) Ascendency of Berengar 117
(3) Ascendency of the Tuscan party 119
B. Imperial intervention 122
(1) Intervention of Otto I. 122
(2) Ascendency of Tuscan party 128
(3) Intervention of Otto III. 130
C. Ascendency of Tuscan party 135
(1) John XVII., John XVIII., and Sergius IV. 135
(2) Counts of Tusculum 136
(3) Three rival Popes 137
CHAPTER VI.
CHURCH AND STATE.
A. New relations of Church and State 141
(1) The Church altered 141
(2) Importance attaching to bishops and princes 143
(3) Roman system identified with religion 145
B. Gains for the Church 148
(1) Wealth from donations, tithes, and manses 149
(2) Privileges of the clergy 15
(3) Power of higher clergy 155
C. Disadvantages for the Church 158
(1) Free elections abolished 158
(2) Ecclesiastical matters settled by secular tribunals 166
D. Results of these influences on the Church 170
(1) Share of the bishops in secular legislation 170
(2) Effects on the episcopate 171
(3) Beneficial results of ecclesiastical influence on society 174
PART II.
THE AGE OF GREATNESS.
CHAPTER VII.
THE HILDEBRANDIAN ERA.
A. Causes of reform 187
(1) Italian party alarmed 188
(2) Earnest men aroused 189
(3) Reforms from within 189
B. Chief points of reform 190
(1) Independence of the Popes 190
(2) Clerical celibacy 194
(3) Simony 202
C. Struggles with princes the result of the reform 204
(1) Philip of France threatened 204
(2) Struggle with Henry IV. 205
CHAPTER VIII.
THE POPES AND ANTIPOPES.
A. Causes of the appearance of rival Popes 214
(1) Decree of Nicolas II. 215
(2) Norman assistance 217
(3) Popular sympathy 218
B. First Period 219
(1) Alexander II. and Honorius II. 219
(2) Gregory VII. and Clement III. 220
(3) Gelasius II. and Gregory VIII. 222
C. Depression of the Papacy and Empire 223
(1) Depression of the Papacy 223
(2) Depression of Empire 227
(3) Returning power 229
D. Renewed struggle of Antipopes 231
(1) Struggle of Frederic I. and Hadrian IV. 232
(2) Alexander III. and Antipopes 234
CHAPTER IX.
CLIMAX OF THE PAPAL POWER.
A. The Era of Innocent III. 242
(1) The Popes before Innocent III. 242
(2) Innocent III. 245
(3) Innocent III.'s successors 258
B. Struggle with the Empire under Innocent IV. and his successors 263
(1) Persecution of Hohenstaufen 264
(2) Decision of imperial elections 267
C. Boniface VIII. 269
(1) His tyanny 269
(2) His defective title 269
(3) Persecution of the Colonnas 270
(4) Grant of Indulgences 271
(5) Conflict with Philip the Fair 272
CHAPTER X.
THE HOLY EMPIRE.
A. The Holy Empire 280
(1) Meaning of the expression 280
(2) The idea in the time of Gregory VII. 282
(3) The idea in the time of Innocent III. 284
(4) The idea in the time of Boniface VIII. 285
B. Causes 287
(1) Evils of anarchy produced a love of system 287
(2) Confusion of Church and State 288
(3) General confusion in people's minds 289
C. Consequences of the idea 290
(1) On the State 290
(2) On the Church 293
(3) On the relations of Church and State 300
CHAPTER XI.
THE CRUSADES.
A. Crusades in general 306
(1) Idea of a Crusade 306
(2) Causes of Crusades 308
(3) Effects of the Crusades 314
B. The First Crusade 317
(1) Occasions 318
(2) The crusading rabble 321
(3) The real Crusade 322
(4) Frankish kingdoms in the East 325
C. Crusades of twelfth century 326
(1) Crusade of 1101 326
(2) The Second Crusade 327
(3) The Third Crusade 329
D. Crusades of first half of thirteenth century 333
(1) Fourth Crusade to Constantinople 334
(2) Fifth Crusade 339
(3) Crusade of Frederic II. 34
E. The Crusades of St Louis 34
(1) Sixth Crusade 34
(2) Seventh Crusade 34
CHAPTER XII.
INVESTITURES AND JURISDICTION : CLERICAL TAXATION.
A. Property of Church 347
(1) Real property 348
(2) Personal property 35
B. Investitures 356
(1) Causes of the struggle 356
(2) Beginning of the struggle 356
(3) Struggle in England 358
(4) Struggle with kings of Castile 363
(5) Struggles in the empire 363
C. Struggle for jurisdiction in England 367
(1) Causes of the struggle 369
(2) Course of the struggle 372
(3) Sequel 37
(4) The Church victorious 381
D. Inroads on wealth of Clergy 382
(1) Disposal of benefices 383
(2) Legates instead of appointments to benefices 387
(3) Taxation of the Clergy 390
Pedigree of English Sovereigns 396
Appendix I.
Magna Charta translated 397
PART III.
AGE OF DECLINE.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE POPES AT AVIGNON.
A Loss of political supremacy 409
(1) Benedict XI. 410
(2) Clement V. 411
B. Struggles of Popes for power 421
(1) Attempts to regain independence from France 421
(2) Attempts to regain supremacy in Germany 423
C. Public opinion against the Popes 431
(1) Clement VI. 431
(2) Innocent VI. 434
(3) Urban V. 434
(4) Gregory XI. 436
CHAPTER XIV.
THE GREAT SCHISM OF THE WEST.
A. The rise and progress of the Schism 439
(1) Urban VI. and Clement VII. 440
(2) Boniface IX. 445
B. Attempts to heal the Schism 447
(1) Attempts proceeding from neutrals 447
(2) Attempts made by the French King and States 450
(3) Attempts made by the Cardinals 451
(4) Share of Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII. 453
C. Consequences of the Schism 455
(1) Oppression of the Church 455
(2) Exposing of corruptions 458
(3) Enquiry into history stimulated 459
(4) Secular power applied to ecclesiastical matters 459
(5) Appeal to General Councils 460
Appendix II.
Statute of Praemunire 462
CHAPTER XV.
THE INDEPENDENT COUNCILS OF THE WEST.
A. The Council of Pisa 468
(1) Acts of the Council 469
(2) After-events 472
B. Council of Constance 475
(1) The Council convened 475
(2) Order of proceedings 476
(3) Efforts to heal the Schism 480
(4) Failure of the Council to produce reformation 486
C. Papacy of Martin V. 490
(1) Circumstances attending his election 490
(2) Policy of Martin V. 492
(3) Policy after the Council 494
D. Council of Basle 495
(1) Preliminaries to the Council 49
(2) Assertion of its independence 496
(3) Measures of reform 499
(4) Collision with the Pope 401
Appendix III.
Concordat with England 510
CHAPTER XVI.
LAST YEARS OF THE MEDIAEVAL PAPACY.
A. Administration of AEneas Sylvius 514
(1) Nicolas V. 515
(2) Crusades against the Turks 518
(3) Endeavours to advance the Papal power 524
B. The Successors of Eneas Sylvius 527
(1) Moral corruption 527
(2) Political degradation 533
CHAPTER XVII.
THE BREAKING UP OF THE HOLY EMPIRE.
A. Transition Period for Church and State 542
(1) International position of the Pope and the Emperor 542
(2) Rise of nationalities and national Churches 546
(3) Breaking up of Latin Christianity and the Empire 547
B. Parallelism in the history of the Empire and the Papacy 549
(1) Both derived from a common origin 549
(2) Parallelism recognised by Dante 55
(3) Instances of parallelism 55
C. Mutual influence of Church and State -559
(1) Influence of Church 559
(2) Influence of Stale 561
CHAPTER XVIII.
CHURCH AND STATE IN ANTAGONISM.
A. Opposition to the Papacy 569
(1) Opposition of States-General 570
(2) Opposition of Spirituals 572
(3) Opposition of the Emperors 574
(4) Opposition of Ecclesiastics 575
B. Opposition to the Hierarchy 576
(1) Emanating from the Pope 576
(2) Regulars and Seculars 577
C. General Opposition to the Church 573
(1) Curtailment of ecclesiastical jurisdiction 579
(3) Prohibition of gifts in mortmain 582
CHAPTER XIX.
NATIONAL REACTIONS AGAINST THE LATIN SYSTEM.
A. Reaction in England 585
(1) The earlier movement national 588
(2) The later movement devoted to general reforms 592
(3) The national movement after Wyclifie 598
B. Political reformation in Bohemia 599
(1) The movement national 599
(2) The movement anti-hierarchical 606
(3) Movement again national under the Hussites 615
C. Gallican movement in France 618
(1) Beginning under Louis IX. 618
(2) Under Philip the Fair 620
(3) Assertion of Gallican principles during the Schism 621
(4) Gallican liberties secured at Bourges 624
Conclusion 628
Appendix IV.
Statutes of Provisors 632
INDEX 639
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