CONTENTS

Introduction by the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster v

Author's Preface xvii

PERIOD I. a.d. 96-800.

CHAPTER I.

THE EPISTLE OF ST. CLEMENT ; OR THE TYPE SET.

§ 1. The Church of Borne intervenes in the Schism at Corinth, p. 1. § 2. Reasons why St. Clement omitted his Name, 2. § 8. The authoritative Tone of the Letter, 7. § 4. Probably a Case of Appeal, 8 pp. 1-10

CHAPTER II.

THE CLEMENTINE ROMANCE.

§ 1. St Clement's Personality, p. 11. § 2. The Clementine Literature, 12. § 8. Its Use by the Tubingen School, 18. § 4. Use by anti-Papal Writers to account for the Expression 4 See of Peter, 18. § 6. Impossibility of this Supposition, 15. § 6. The List of Hegesippus anterior to the Romance at Rome, 17. § 7. Iremeus on the See of Peter, 22. § 8. The Clementines at Rome later than Tertullian, 25. § 9. Historical Results, 29 pp. 11-81

CHAPTER III.

ST. IRENAEUS, OR THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE CHURCH OF ROME.

§ 1. His Statement of the Rule of Faith, viz. Agreement with Rome, p. 82. § 2. Protestant Endeavours to wrest his Meaning : e$. (a) Rome's Orthodoxy secured by the Confluence of Strangers, 84 ; (6) her 1 principalitas only Primitiveness, 85 ; or (c) due to her secular Position, 86 ; (d) undique, not «= everywhere, 86 ; (e) in qud, not = in communion with, 87. pp. 82-38

CHAPTER IV.

ST. VICTOR, OR THE GUARDIAN OF THE COMMON UNITY.

§ 1. The Modes of observing Easter, p. 89. § 2. St. Victor's Attempt to produce Uniformity, 40. § 8. St. Irenaeus' Intervention, 42. Note on Mr. Poller's Interpretation, 44 pp. 8

CHAPTER V.

THE DOCTRINE OF ST. CYPRIAN ON UNITY.

§ 1. St Cyprian on the Authority of St. Peter, p. 47. § 2. The Occasion of hie Treatise on Unity, viz. (a) Banger to the Episcopal Authority, 50; ($) an unlawful BishOF at Borne, 65. § 8. Teaches Papal Supremacy incidentally, 57. § 4. St. Peter in the Treatise on Unity, 60. § 5. Corollaries, 62 pp. 47-64

CHAPTER VI.

ST. CYPRIAN ON APPEALS TO ROME.

§ 1. Resume of the Saint's Teaching on Unity, p. 65. § 2. Fortunatus denounced for going to Borne, but not the Principle of Appeal, 67. § 8. Case of Marcian referred to Borne, 70. § 4. Spanish Bishops may be, but do not deserve to be, restored by the Pope, 72. Note on Mr. Puller's Interpretation pp. 65-76

CHAPTER VII.

ST. CYPRIAN'S ERROR ON BAPTISM BY HERETICS.

§ 1. Doctrine of Unity misapplied ; his threefold Error, p. 77. § 2. Convokes a Council on the Subject, 81. § 8. Second Council and Letter to Jubaianus, 84. § 4. Refers the Matter to Borne, 86. § 5. Meanwhile holds third Council and decides in favour of Rebaptising, 88 pp. 77-98

CHAPTER VIII.

ROME'S DECISION AND CYPRIAN'S IRRITATION.

§ 1. St Stephen's Decision, p. 94. § 2. St Cyprian's Legation to Borne, 97. § 8. Letter to Pompeius and Firmilian, 97. § 4. Firmilian's passionate Reply, 100. § 6. Did St. Stephen actually excommunicate St. Cyprian ? 105. § 6. Did St. Cyprian retract ? 111. § 7. Corollary as to Papal Infallibility, 114 pp. 94-116

CHAPTER IX.

ROME, ALEXANDRIA AND ANTIOCH, SEES OF PETER.

§ 1. Only Peter left a Successor of his Apostolate, p. 117. § 2. Borne the Rallying-point from the first, 118. § 3. The three Sees of Peter, 120. § 4. Relationship of Borne to Alexandria, 121. § 5. Relationship of Borne to Antioch, 122. § 6. Why these three Sees chosen, 125. Appendix on the Popes' witness to their Office, 127 pp. 117-136

PERIOD II. a.d. 800-884.

CHAPTER X.

THE DONATIOTS AND THE COUNCIL OF ARLES.

§ 1. The Origin of the Donatist Schism, p. 139. § 2. The Donatists appeal to the Emperor, who refers them to Rome, 140. § 8. The Papal Sentence, 141. § 4. Final in the Eyes of Augustine, as that of Peter's See, 142. § 5. Case reheard to sift additional Facts, 144. § 6. British Bishops at Aries, 146. § 7. Donatist Erastianism, 147. § 8. Archbishop Laud's Mistranslation, 148 pp. 139-152

CHAPTER XI.

THE COUNCIL OF NICEA.

Part I. — Reasons of its Meeting,

§ 1. The good Results of Heresies, p. 153. § 2. Need of a Council compatible with Papal Infallibility, 154. § 3. The Circumstances, 155. § 4. Papal Consent, 157. § 5. Why the Pope desired a Council, 159.

Part II. — The Council itself.

§ 1. The Pope presided, p. 161. § 2. Papal Jurisdiction not in Question, therefore not directly mentioned, 164.

Part III. — The Sixth Canon.

§ 1. The three Sees of Peter, p. 166. § 2. Alexandria's Jurisdiction rested on Home's Example, 167. § 3. Or on her Arrangement, 169. § 4. The original Beginning of the Canon, 170 pp. 153-172

CHAPTER XII.

THE POPES THE GUARDIANS OF THE NICENE CANONS.

Part I. — St. Julius.

§ 1. The Post-Nicene Struggle, p. 173. § 2. Pope St. Julius and Alexandria, 175.

Part II. — The Sardican Canons.

§ 1. Canon III. not concerned with Appeals to Rome, p. 179. § 2. Canon IV. supposes Appeals, 180. § 3. Canon VII. leaves it to Rome to decide the Mode of Appeal, 180. § 4. Received in the East, 181. § 5. Honouring the Memory of St. Peter, 182. Note on these Canons pp. 173-184

CHAPTER XIII.

THE REIGN OF LIBEBIUS.

Part I. — His Personal Grandeur.

§ 1. Defends St. Athanasius, and is exiled, p. 185. § 2. His supposed Fall, 186. § 3. His Stand after the Ariminian Catastrophe, 188.

Part II. — The Meletian Scandal at Antioch.

§ 1. The Consequence of Meletius' Eleetion, p. 190. § 2. The Council of Alexandria on the same, 194. § 3. The precipitate Action of BishopF Luoifer 198. § 4. Eusebius of Vercellae settles nothing, 199 pp. 185-202

CHAPTER XIV.

ST. DAMASUS.

§ 1. His Sanctity, p. 203. § 2. His Election, 207. § 3. His central Position, 208. § 4. His Condemnation of Heresies, 211. § 5. St. Basil looks to the West, 213. § 6. St. Damasus differs as to the best Remedy, 215. § 7. Sides with Paulinas at Antioch, 218. § 8. St. Basil's Irritation, 219. § 9. His petulant Expression not Disbelief, 222. § 10. Believed in Rome's Jurisdiction in the East, 224. § 11. St. Damasus neither approved nor repudiated St. Meletius, 226. § 12. St. Jerome's Witness, 227. § 13. St. Meletius and Paulinus come to Terms, 229 pp. 203-232

CHAPTER XV.

THE HOMAGE OF KINGS OF GRATIAN'S RESCRIPT.

§ 1. The ideal Relation between Church and State, p. 233. § 2. Realised for awhile under Gratian, 234. § 3. Relationship between Gratian and St. Ambrose, 235. § 4. Gratian gives civil Facilities for the exercise of Rome's Supremacy, 235. § 5. Mr. Puller's Theory as to Gratian's Rescript refuted : (i.) by the Absence of any Protest, 238 ; (ii.) and by the Words of the Rescript compared with the Letter of the Roman Synod, 239 pp. 233-242

CHAPTER XVI.

THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (A.D. 38l).

Part I — Theodosius and the Imperial City.

§ 1. Theodosius made Emperor, p. 243. § 2. Issues a Law defining the Term 'Catholic,' 244. § 8. Gregory and Maximus in Constantinople, 245 § 4. Theodosius resolves upon a General Eastern Council, 246.

Part II. — The Council. § 1. St. Gregory's Election confirmed, p. 248. § 2. St. Meletius dies, 249. § 8. Flavian elected to Antioch, 250. § 4. St. Gregory resigns, 253. § 5. Nectarius appointed in his Place, 255. § 6. How the Council came to be ecumenical, 256.

Part III. — New Borne ; or the Third Canon, p. 258.

Part IV. — The Western Disapproval of Flavian's Election, p. 268.

Note on Mr. Poller's Proof that St. Meletius was oat of Communion with Borne, p. 267. Conclusion of Second Period. Councils of a.d. 882 at Borne and Constantinople, 269 248-279

PERIOD III. a.d. 400-452.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE CHURCH OF NORTH AFRICA IN THE DAYS OF ST. AUGUSTINE.

Part I. — The Letters of St. Innocent.

§ 1. Coelestius, condemned in Africa, appeals to Borne, p. 284. § 2. The Synods of Carthage and Mflevis write from Africa to Borne, 286. § 8. St. Innocent's Rescripts — their Doctrine on St. Peter's See, 288. § 4. Their Reception by the African Fathers — its Witness to African Belief, 289.

Part II. — St. Zosimus' Support of the Faith

§ 1. Did not sanction Pelagian Statements, p. 291. § 2. Cautiousness of the Pope, 298. § 8. St. Augustine and Dr. Pusey, 298. § 4. St. Zosimus' Encyclical ' confirming the Brethren,' 296.

Part III. — Apiarius and Papal Jurisdiction.

§ 1. A Canon quoted of which the Africans ignorant, p. 297. § 2. Legates a latere deprecated, 298. § 8. The whole Matter a Question of Procedure, not of Principle, 800. § 4. The Genuineness of the chief Letter open to Question, 808 pp. 288-804

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE COUNCIL OF EPHESUS — ITS PRELIMINARIES.

§ 1. The Matter in Dispute, p. 805. § 2. St. Cyril's Action, 306. § 8. The Papal Intervention, 306. § 4. St. Cyril asks the Pope for Judgment, 307. § 5. St. Celestine appoints Cyril his Plenipotentiary, 809. § 6. Conclusions as to the Pope's Position, 811. § 7. Anglican Writers on the above, 813. § 8. Cyril's Action as Plenipotentiary, 315. § 9. Nestorius, having the Emperor's ear, makes for a Council, 316. § lO.Meets at Ephesus, without the Bishop of Antioch, 319. § 11. Celestine (Pope) the real, Cyril the acting President, 821 . pp. 805-828

CHAPTER XIX.

THE ACTS OF THE COUNCIL.

§ 1. Nestorius refuses to appear, p. 829. § 2. The Relation of the Bishops' Judgment to that of the Pope, 330. § 3. The Action of the Council, 332. § 4. The Council's Sentence, 333. § 5. Anglican Writers on the Council's Sentence, 336. § 6. The immediate Result of the Sentence, 336. § 7. The Arrival of Legates from Rome, 338. § 8. The schismatic Synod, 341 pp. 329-343

CHAPTER XX.

THE SEE OF PETER ' CONFIRMING THE BRETHREN.'

§ 1. The Papal Legates' Judgment, p. 344. § 2. The Council's Witness to the

Supremacy of the Pope, 345. § 3. John of Antioch condemned by the Synod, but referred to the Pope, 350. § 4. The Pope's fatherly Care, 354. § 5. The Case of the Cyprians, and Canon Bright on the Expression ' worldly Pride,' 356. Conclusions, 361 pp. 344-361

CHAPTER XXI.

THE FOURTH GENERAL COUNCIL — PRELIMINARIES.

§ 1. Introductory Remarks on the Council of Chalcedon, p. 862. § 2. The Origin of the Council — Eutyches' Perversion of St. Cyril's Writings, 364. § 3. Eutyches condemned at Constantinople, 865. § 4. Eutyches appeals to Rome, 865. § 5. St. Leo blames Archbishop of Constantinople for not sending Report, 367. § 6. Eutyches makes for a Council, 368. § 7. Archbishop of Constantinople prefers a Papal Brief to a Council, 369. § 8. The Position of the Pope in the Thoughts of Christendom, 371. § 9. The Tome of St. Leo, 872. § 10. Revises the Acts of the Synod of Constantinople, 873. § 11. Leo consents to a Council to convict Eutyches, 874. § 12. Describes his Tome as an ex Cathedra Pronouncement, 875. § 13. Describes the Office of the Council, 376 pp. 362-377

CHAPTER XXII.

THE LATROCINIUM, OR ROBBER COUNCIL.

§ 1. Its uncanonical Composition, p. 378. § 2. Eutyches is acquitted, Leo's Tome suppressed, Flavian condemned, 379. § 3. The Inadequacy of a Primacy of Honour to meet the Case, 380. § 4. The Supremacy exercised by Leo, 382. § 5. Flavian's Appeal to Rome, 383. § 6. Leo insists on another Council, 384. § 7. Demands the Enforcement of the Niceno-Sardican Canon, 385. § 8. The Emperor and Empresses write to Theodosius, 388. § 9. Leo describes his Duty to the whole Church, 390. § 10. The new Emperor decides on a Council, 391. § 11. Anatolius, Archbishop of Constantinople — his Antecedents, 392. § 12. Leo requires his Profession of Faith in accordance with his Tome, 393. § 13. Anatolius sends it and receives Directions, 896. § 14. St. Leo's Tome signed by Anatolius and other Bishops, 397 pp. 378-308

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE DEPOSITION OF DIOSCORUS.

§ 1. The Work before the Council, p. 399. § 2. Dioscorus condemned, 400 § 3. The Sentence pronounced in the Name of the Pope, 403. § 4. On the Matter of Faith nothing new needed after Leo's Tome, 408. § 5. The so-called Review of Leo's Tome, 409 pp. 399-418

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE DEFINITION OF FAITH.

The Bishops in Danger of adopting an insufficient Formula, p. 419 ; are kept right by the Commissioners and Papal Legates, 420. They have to answer the Question of Obedience to Leo's Decision, 421 ; Principles that emerge, 424 pp. 419-425

CHAPTER XXV.

THEODORET AND MAXIMUS.

1. Theodoret appealed to the See of Peter, p. 427 ; the Sentence against him annulled, 429 ; his Presence objected to at Chaloedon, 430 ; allowed the Position of Bishop, 431 ; acted as such in the Council, 431 ; compelled to anathematise Nestorius, 432; not a Review of Leo's Judgment, 432. II. Majrimus of Antioch irregularly ordained, 433 ; condoned by Leo, to. ; his Position accepted on that ground, 434 pp. 426-436

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE BYZANTINE PLOT ; OR THE TWENTY-EIGHTH CANON.

The Ambition of Constantinople, p. 437 ; Rebuff at Chalcedon, 440 ; Opening for a Move, 441 ; some Bishops passed a Canon, 442 ; the Papal Legates protest, 443 ; Imperial Commissioners side with the Bishops, 445 ; Value of the Canon, 447 pp. 487-449

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE EASTERNS RECOGNITION OF PAPAL SUPREMACY.

The Bishops write to Leo, p. 451 ; express full Doctrine of Papal Supremacy, 452-454 ; Anatolius does the same, 455 ; Leo and the West repudiate the Canon, 458 pp. 450-460

CONCLUSION [pp. 459-460]

APPENDICES

I. Rev. F. W. Pulleb's Interpretation OF St. Cyprian 461

II. Are the Sardican Canons Nicene? 467

III. Rev. F. W. Puller on St. Ambrose 475

IV. The Apostolic See ; Meaning OF the Phrase 479

Index 483

ERRATA