In this major study of Pashtun tribal hybridization shifting toward Salafism Islam, Dr. Idris argues that central to the understanding of the current militancy and extremism in Pakistan and Afghanistan is the recognition of the methods utilized as the Salafists made inroads into Pashtun society along with the impact of Salafists on the tribal, social, political, religious, cultural, and even the daily lives of the Pashtuns. This study utilizes a series of case studies from a small village in the Pashtun border region to demonstrate that the Pashtun tribes in the Pakistan-Afghanistan borderland are in the process of shifting toward Salafism as their traditional Hanafi Sufism beliefs are discarded. The author argues that this shift has been undermining the traditional tribal and religious structure to create much of the instability that fuels conflict in the region.