An edition of The Slavs
(1969)
The Slavs
A cultural and historical survey of the Slavonic peoples
by Roger Portal
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xix, 508 p. 16 plates. illus., facsims, maps, music, ports. 25 cm.
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Slavs, History, Balkan peninsula, history| Edition | Availability |
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The Slavs: a cultural and historical survey of the Slavonic peoples.
1969, Harper & Row
Hardcover
in English
- [1st U.S. ed.]
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The Slavs: A cultural and historical survey of the Slavonic peoples
1969, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
in English
029776313X 9780297763130
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The Slavs: A cultural and historical survey of the Slavonic peoples
1969, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Orion Publishing Group, Limited
in English
029776313X 9780297763130
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Book Details
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION: THE ESSENTIAL BACKGROUND … 1
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The Slavs Are Europeans … 3
Linguistic and Religious Diversity … 3
Dependence and Independence … 6
A Common Interest: Opposition to the Turks … 8
Danger from Germany and Austria … 9
Dubious Collective Spirit … 10
Strength of Foreign Traditions and Influences … 11
‘National’ Civilizations … 13
Some Over-Simplifications Corrected … 14
Parallelism, Not Congruence … 15
The Case of Russia … 16
Nationalism in Ferment: Pan-Slavism … 18
What Nationalism Divided, Socialism Must Unite … 19
Origins of the Slavs … 21
The Lusatian Civilization and Poland … 25
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◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦
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BOOK I. FROM ‘RUS’ TO RUSSIA (8th–15th CENTURIES)
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1. THE EAST SLAVS … 29
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I. The First Russian State … 29
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Obscure Beginnings: the Age of the Primitive Community … 29
— The first Russian State; A Significant Controversy … 32
Russia as Kiev (9th–13th Centuries) … 34
— Achievements of the Scandinavian Princes … 34
— Political Discord, Unified Civilization, Linguistic Divergences … 35
— Kiev and the Outside World … 37
— Byzantium and Kiev. Conversion to Christianity … 38
— Kiev, Western Europe and Rome … 40
Kiev’s Economy – Traditional Agriculture and Its Long Career … 41
— Landlord and Peasant … 42
— The Towns … 42
— Caravan Routes to Byzantium … 44
— The Origins of Serfdom … 44
— A Golden Age? … 45
Signposts of a Civilization and Its Culture … 45
— Conscious National Spirit … 46
— Contrasts and Continuity … 47
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II. Peace Under the Mongols …48
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Novgorod: A Free Commercial City … 48
The Rise of the Second Russian State … 51
— Mongols and Russians … 52
— Russians versus Poles in Lithuania … 54
— The Emergence of Moscow … 55
— Danger from Lithuania Repulsed … 56
The Rise of Moscow 57
— A Society on the Move. Internal Colonization … 58
— Freedom and the Peasantry … 59
— Russians and non-Russian Natives: New Contacts … 60
— Rural Economy: Trade with the Outside World … 60
— Birth of the Rouble … 51
— Urban Liberties on the Wane … 61
— New Life in the Arts. Icon Painters: Theophanes and Rublev … 62
— Russia's Mesopotamia: A New Artistic Centre … 63
A Despotic State: The Great Reign of Ivan III … 66
— Decline of an Ancient Aristocracy; Rise of the New Men … 66
— Architecture for Monarchs … 68
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2. THE WEST SLAVS … 70
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I. The Poles … 70
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The Polish People … 70
Polish Agriculture … 72
Rural Government. Nobles and Peasants … 72
Towns under German Law … 74
Poland as a Baltic Power … 75
Russo-Polish Rivalry; and a Permanent Crusade … 76
Poland’s Latin Culture … 77
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II. Czechs and Slovaks … 79
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The Nation and the State … 79
The Czech Nation and the German Influx … 80
Bohemia's ‘Golden Age’ … 82
The Hussite Movement; Social and National Overtones … 85
Jan Hus: Patriot, Christian, Reformer … 85
The Hussite Wars … 86
An Extraordinary Experiment: Tabor … 86
Defeat … 88
The Hussite Heritage … 88
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3. THE SOUTH SLAVS — FLEDGELING STATES AND THEIR VICISSITUDES … 90
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Alphabets at War … 90
Religious Literature. Regional Dialects … 92
Bulgaria and the Bogomils … 93
Unobtrusive Nationality: the Slovenes … 95
Political Durability: Croatia … 96
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BOOK TWO: THE BALKANS IN TURKISH HANDS. RUSSIA: A CONTINENTAL EMPIRE (16th AND 17th CENTURIES)
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4. THE SERBS ON THE CREST OF THE WAVE … 103
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A Hardworking Peasant People … 103
Serbian Art … 105
Serbia's Independence Obliterated; the Turkish Conquest … 106
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5. FROM MOSCOW TO EURASIA … 108
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I. Expansion in Siberia: The Russians on the Pacific … 108
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Conquest in Siberia … 108
Russians and non-Russians … 110
Russian Siberia … 111
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II. The Centralized Russian State … 112
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Authoritarian Reforms … 112
Monarchical Compromise: A Brief Interlude … 113
From Feudal Supporter to State Servant … 114
Enforced Decline of the Trading Cities … 115
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III. From Freedom to Serfdom … 116
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Popular Revolts … 120
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6 FOUNDATIONS OF RUSSIA’S POWER … 123
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I. A Mercantile Economy … 123
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Slow Progress in Agriculture … 123
Urban Growth … 124
Moscow: Religion in the Life of a Great City … 125
How the People Lived … 126
The Upper Classes … 128
The Position of Women … 128
Economic Independence in Jeopardy; a Policy of Mercantile Self-Defence … 129
A Plutocratic Class and Its Brief Political Power … 131
A Burgher Grandee: the ‘Gost’ Nikitin … 131
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II. Intellectual Trends – National Culture … 133
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Attachment to the Past … 133
Religious Trends. Frustrated Heresies … 133
National Culture … 135
Kiev’s Contribution … 137
Time-lag in the Sciences … 138
Birth of the Theatre … 138
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III. The Church in the Seventeenth Century … 139
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Power of the Church … 139
A Great Schism … 141
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BOOK THREE: MODERN STATES (1700-1860)
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7. THE DAWN OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA … 147
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I. Novel Achievements and Objectives … 147
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Creative Practicality: Peter the Great … 147
The Reign of Bluff: Catherine II … 150
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II. Broader Social and Economic Foundations … 152
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Development of Trade and Transport … 152
The Century of Iron. A Great Industrial Region … 156
The Last Great Popular Revolt … 159
First Steps towards Industrial Capitalism … 160
Demography and Migration … 161
Villages and Towns … 163
The Beginnings of Deliberate Urban Development … 164
Urban Life … 166
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III. An Age of Achievement – The Eighteenth Century … 166
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Economic Thought … 169
Development of a National Spirit … 170
The Old and the New … 171
The Popular Arts at Their Best … 173
Noble and Official Art … 174
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IV. Russian Society on the Eve of the Great Reforms … 177
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The Church in State Harness … 178
The Nobles and the Nation … 179
Noblemen Wealthy and Needy … 182
The Troubled Conscience of the Nobles … 183
From ‘gosti’ to ‘bourgeois’ … 185
Origin of the Industrial Middle Class … 185
Paternalism and the Working Class … 188
Peasant Life: Subjection and Hope … 189
Peasant Ways of Life … 192
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V. Intellectual Trends – Literature and the Arts … 193
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The University’s New Role … 193
Russia's Future Debated … 194
Russian Literary Greatness … 196
Before the Reforms … 196
National Music … 197
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VI. The Turn Of The Century … 197
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8. FROM GREATNESS TO DECLINE – THE POLISH STATE … 198
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I. From the ‘Golden Century’ to the Partitions … 198
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Liberal Aristocratic Monarchism … 198
— Religious Toleration in Poland … 199
— The ‘Golden Century’ … 200
— Literature and Language: Polish and Latin … 202
Rocks and Shoals … 203
— Poland Recaptured by Catholicism … 203
— Disaster Begins … 205
— Stagnation of the Nobility … 207
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II. Death of a State, Survival of a Nation … 208
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Facts and Conditions … 208
— Poverty of the People … 209
— Religious Differences … 210
— Interplay of Patriotism and Self-interest … 212
— Poland as ‘the Paradise of the Jews’? … 216
The Partitions … 216
— A Crowned philosophe: Stanislas Augustus … 217
— The Commission of National Education … 219
— Cracow, the Home of Patriotism … 220
— Upsurge of National Literature. Committed Writers … 220
— The Epoch of the Reforms; Patriotism Resurgent … 221
— Insurrection of a People … 227
— Survival of a Nation … 229
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9. DEPENDENT AND SUBJECT NATIONS … 232
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I. Decline of Bohemia … 232
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A Czech Sovereign: George of Podebrady … 232
Temporary Religious Peace … 232
The Nobles in Power … 233
The Reformation in Bohemia … 234
German and Catholic Pressure … 235
Brilliant Cultural Achievements … 236
The National Catastrophe … 237
The Slovaks and the Czechs … 239
The Age of Baroque … 239
Economic and Social Inequalities … 241
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II. The South Slavs: the Sleepy Balkans … 243
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Partition by Ottoman Conquest … 242
Dubrovnik, a Gateway to the West … 243
The Slavs in the Holy Roman Empire … 244
Slav Unity and the Reformation … 244
The Slavs in the Ottoman Empire … 246
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BOOK FOUR: NATIONALISM AND THE SLAV PEOPLES (1861-1917)
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10. RUSSIA AT THE CROSSROADS – ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT … 251
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I. Demography and the Onward Drive of Colonization … 251
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Acquisition and Settlement of New Territories … 251
The Cossack Hosts … 255
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II. The Effects of the Great Reforms … 258
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Peasant Emancipation: Dependence in a New Form … 258
Harder Times for the Peasants … 260
The Nobles and the Wind of Change … 262
Development of the Middle Classes … 263
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III. A Delayed ‘Industrial Revolution’ … 264
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On the Road to Capitalism. Uneven Development … 264
Monopolistic Tendencies … 270
Revival of the Manual Crafts … 273
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IV. The Changing Social Structure … 274
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A Two-way Process: Decadence and Enrichment among the Nobility … 274
The Church’s Apparent Power … 276
Rise of the Industrial Middle Class … 279
The Self-made Man … 281
The Middle Class on the Threshold of Politics … 282
Growth of a Proletariat … 282
Urban Outcasts … 285
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V. Progress in Education and the Sciences … 287
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Universities and Schools … 287
Russian Contributions to Science … 289
Prominence of Women … 289
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VI. The Arts and the Nation … 291
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Half a Century of Great Literature … 291
Realistic Painting and Abstract Art … 296
Russian Music Conquers the World … 299
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11. RUSSIA AS A BOURGEOIS NATIONAL STATE … 301
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I. The Capitals at the Turn of the Century … 301
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II. From Autocracy to the Constitution … 305
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Revolutionary Agitation … 305
— Slavophilism on the Defensive … 305
— Populism and Marxism … 306
— The Great Turning-Point: 1905 … 313
New Social Forces … 320
— A Rural ‘Third Estate’? … 320
— The Middle Classes on the Make … 323
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III. Nationalism or Federalism? … 324
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The Problem of the Nation and Its Nationalities … 324
A Special Case: the Jews … 326
The Ukrainian Nation … 327
Another Centre of Ukrainian Nationalism … 330
The Travelling Theatre and Its Contribution … 330
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IV. Before the Storm – a Summary of Russian Progress … 331
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12. VITALITY UNDAUNTED – POLAND 1815-1914 … 336
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I. The Polish People: Prolific, Unanimous, Divided … 336
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The Kingdom of the Congress … 338
Romanticism and the Patriotic Upsurge … 340
The Insurrection of 1863 … 343
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II. Three Confluent Destinies … 344
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The Polish Diaspora … 344
The Training-Ground: Galicia … 344
Resistance to Germanization … 345
Attempted Russification … 346
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III. Hopes of Liberation … 347
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13. NATIONAL RENAISSANCE IN BOHEMIA-SLOVAKIA … 350
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I. Preconditions of Revival … 350
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The Czech State: Fiction and Reality … 350
Economic and Social Conditions … 352
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II. Recovering the Slav Heritage … 352
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Role of the Intellectuals and Scholars … 352
Prague as the Mecca of the Slavs under the Empire … 355
From a People to a Nation: Slovakia in Transition … 357
Czech Culture … 358
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III. Premonitions of the Future … 360
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The Germans in Recession … 360
Independence and Revolution … 362
Individuality of Slovakia … 363
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14. THE BALKANS HALFWAY TO LIBERATION … 364
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I. The Northern Sector: Vienna and Budapest … 364
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Illyrianism: Decline and Fall of a Dream … 364
Croatian Literature … 365
Birth of a Nation: the Slovenes … 366
The Voivodina and the Rise of Serbia … 368
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II. The Istanbul Sector … 369
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Serbia’s Progress towards Independence … 369
Serbian Literature and the Patriotic Movement … 371
The Bulgarian Renaissance … 373
An Ally of Serbia: Bosnia … 378
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III. From Pan-Slavism to ‘Balkanization’ … 379
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Nationalism's Motley Victory … 379
Experiment in Macedonia … 382
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BOOK FIVE: THE SLAVS DRAW CLOSER TOGETHER (1917-1960)
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15. THE SOVIET UNION – A GREAT EXAMPLE … 390
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I. A New Ideal … 390
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Changing the Mentality of the Peasant … 390
‘Communist Man’: Myth or Reality? … 394
Federalism and the Peoples: Byelorussia and the Ukraine … 395
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II. Social And Political Realism … 398
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Socialist Culture … 398
Realism and Truth: Literature, Painting and Music … 400
— Literature … 400
— Painting … 404
— Music … 405
Tradition and Revolution in Writing and the Film … 406
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III. Past And Future … 408
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Have the Russians been de-Christianized? … 408
Rural Craftsmen … 410
The New Image of the Towns … 411
Widening Power and Influence … 413
Threats to Socialism … 414
Future Prospects … 417
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16. FROM INDEPENDENCE TO CONSOLIDATION: POLAND AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA … 419
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I. Poland … 419
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Precarious Unity … 419
Resurrection among the Ruins … 421
A Socialist City: Nowa Huta … 423
The New Warsaw … 425
Democratic Education … 425
Variety in the Arts and Literature … 426
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II. Czechoslovakia … 430
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The Masaryk Republic … 430
— Western-Style Parliamentary Democracy … 430
— Independence in Peril … 433
Socialist Czechoslovakia … 434
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17. THE SLAV PEOPLES OF THE BALKANS: BULGARIA AND YUGOSLAVIA … 440
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I. Bulgaria Under the Soviet Union’s Wing … 440
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II. Originality: Yugoslavia … 443
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Dictatorship and Assimilation … 443
From a Federal to a Socialist Republic … 446
The Federal Solution … 447
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CONCLUSION: DIVERSITY AND UNITY: A NEW WORLD IN THE MAKING … 451
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Bibliography … 453
Glossary … 459
Chronological Tables … 467
Index … 487
Edition Notes
Bibliography: p. 453-458.
Translation of Les Slaves, peuples et nations.
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xvii, 508 p. illus., maps, ports. 25 cm.
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