CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

ON THE STUDY AND THE TRANSLATION OF THE SCRIPTURES,

Controversies originated by want of accuracy in the interpretation of Scripture. — World-wide circulation of the Bible defended. — The Scriptures a standard of doctrine. — Theological precision of the Hebrew O. T. — Peculiarities of the Hebrew language, and wealth of its synonyms. — Value of the LXX as a connecting-link between the Hebrew O. T. and the Greek N. T. — Languages spoken by the Jews in our Lord's time. — Principles of translation. — Our Lord's mode of quoting and Interpreting the O. T. — Illustrations 1

CHAPTER II.

THE NAMES OF GOD.

A translator's difficulties. — The title Elohim ; is it a proper name?— Its application to idols. — Its plural form. — Its application to Judges. — How to be translated. — St. Paul's speech at Athens. — The forms Eloah, Elah, EI, and Elim. — Titles of the Messiah. — Shaddai or the All-Bountiful. — Adonai or The Lord. — 'Elion or The Most-High. — Jehovah and Jah. — Elohist and Jehovist discussion. — The Lord of Hosts. — The Angel of the Lord. — How ought the name Jehovah to be represented? — Its application to the Messiah 32

CHAPTER III.

THE NAMES OF MAN.

Incongruities of human nature. — Meaning and usage of Adam — The 'Son of Man.' — Glorified human nature. — Origin, meaning, and usage of Ish. — The apple of the eye. — Usage of Enosh. — Passages in which it occurs. — Its probable etymology. — Why not applied to the Messiah. — Meaning and usage of Gever. — Instances of its occurrence. — Words cognate with Gever. — Rephaim and Nephilim 74

CHAPTER IV.

THE SOUL AND THE SPIRIT.

Psychological distinctions in the O. T. — Nephesh, the soul. — Teaching with regard to the soul in the N. T. — Ruach, or the spirit; its primary and secondary meanings. — Comparison of Ruach and Nephesh. — The Spirit of God. — Senses in which the word Spirit is used in the N. T. — Christ and the Holy Spirit— The work of the Spirit. — The Seven Spirits of God 92 CHAPTER V.

HEART, WILL, CONSCIENCE, WISDOM, UNDERSTANDING.

Difficulty of the subject. — Words rendered Heart in the O. T. — Usage and meaning of Lev. — The hardening of the heart ; Hebrew words for Hardening. — Usage of the word Heart in the N. T. — Avah, the Will. — Usage and meaning of Chaphets and Ratson. — The will of God in the N. T. — Words used for the Will in Daniel. — Nadav, or voluntary action. — Yaal or volition. — Other words rendered Will. — The Conscience. — Chacam or wisdom. — Bin, or understanding. — Similar words 107

CHAPTER VI.

SIN, WICKEDNESS, TRESPASS, AND GUILT.

Chatbha, its general meaning — Its peculiar usage in the Piel form. — How represented in the LXX. — Avah, or Wrong. — Amal, or Travail. — 'Aval, or Evil — 'Avar, or Transgression. — Ra', or Mischief. — Pasha', or Rebellion. — Rasha or Wickedness. — Ma'al, or Breach of Trust. — Avon, or Vanity. — Asham, or Guilt. — Words for sin, &c., in the N. T. 127

CHAPTER VII.

REPENTANCE, CONVERSION, AND AMENDMENT.

Original meaning of the word Nacham. — Its renderings in the LXX. — Complex ideas connected with it. — Maimonides, Rosenmuller, Beza, Erasmus, and Lucas Brugensis on Paenitentia. — The Roman Catholic doctrine. — Repentance according to the N. T. — Other aspects of the word Nacham as illustrated by the LXX and N. T. — Hebrew and Greek words for conversion, amendment, and goodness 144

CHAPTER VIII.

PERFECTION AND PEACE.

Various words rendered 'Perfect' in the O. T. — Usage of Shalam and Thamam. — Idea of Peace in the N. T. — Oneness and Perfection. — Development and maturity. — Christ's perfection, Faultlessness and completeness 157

CHAPTER IX.

UPRIGHTNESS, FAITH, AND HOPE.

Meaning and usage of Yashar. — Its Greek representatives in the N. T. Thamam, or integrity. — Tsadak, or righteousness. — Mishpath, or judgment. — Aman, truth or faithfulness. — Hebrew words rendered trust. Batbach, to confide in. — Words rendered hope. — Distinction between faith and trust. — Christian faith, trust, and hope 167

CHAPTER X.

GRACE, PITY, LOVE, AND MERCY.

Words rendered grace in the O. T. — Racham, or pity. — Ahav, or love. — Other words rendered love. — Love, according to the N. T. — Chesed, or mercy. — Meaning of chasid, usually rendered saint. — How represented in the N. T. 177

CHAPTER XI.

REDEMPTION AND SALVATION.

The Divine intervention on behalf of man supported by analogy. — Gaal, to redeem. — Its spiritual application. — Padab, to deliver. — Redemption, according to the N. T. — The idea of Purchase in the N. T. — Taaba', to save. — Its fulness of meaning in the Prophets. — Other words rendered Save in the O. T. — Aspects of Salvation in the N. T 191

CHAPTER XII.

ATONEMENT, FORGIVENESS, AND ACCEPTANCE.

The call made by man's sin upon the attributes of God. — Meaning of the word Caphar. — Capporeth, or the mercy-seat. — Ideas set forth by the word atonement, — Other renderings of Capbar. — Its Greek representatives. — The vicarious nature of Christ's sufferings. — Reconciliation. — Salach, to forgive. — Forgiveness, according to the N. T. — Nasa, to bear. — Its representatives in the N. T. — Hebrew words rendered acceptance. — Ratsah its meaning and usage. — Acceptance, according to the N. T 205

CHAPTER XIII.

CLEANSING, WASHING, SPRINKLING, AND BAPTISM.

God's purity. — Man impure through sin. — Thaher, to cleanse — The case of the leper. — Other cases of cleansing. — Moral application of the word. — Cleansing, according to the N. T. — Words for Washing in the O. T. — Cavas, to wash garments, and Rachats, to wash the body. — Moral application of the words. — Washing, according to the N. T. — Barar, to make clean. — Words signifying internal purity. — Hebrew words for Sprinkling. — Baptism. Usage of the word in the LXX and N. T. — Conclusions as to the administration of the rite 230

CHAPTER XIV.

JUSTIFICATION, INNOCENCE, AND IMPUTATION.

Ideas connected with the word Justification. — Usage of the verb Tsadak. — Renderings in the LXX. — Passages in which the word Righteousness occurs in the O. T. — Sacrifices of righteousness. — Aspects of Righteousness in the O. T. — Its meanings in the N. T. — Justification, according to the N. T. — Nakah, to be clean. — Chashav, to impute or reckon. — Its theological meaning. — Its representative in the N. T. 254

CHAPTER XV.

SANCTIFICATION, HOLINESS, CONSECRATION, ANOINTING.

Usage and meaning of Kadash. — Words marking Consecration, Dedication, and Ordination. — Usage of ayidfa and cognate words in the N.T. — Mashach, to anoint. — Christ, the Anointed King. — Anointing, as applied to Christians. —The anointing of the sick 283

CHAPTER XVI.

OFFERINGS, SACRIFICES, AND ALTAR.

The Jewish offerings typical — Korban, or offering. — Nagash, to draw near. — Representative words in the N. T. — 'Olah, the ascending-offering. — Its meaning illustrated from the N. T. — Minchah, the meat-offering. — Zevach, the sacrifice, or communion feast — The altar. — Sacrifice and altar in the N. T. — Remarks on Heb. 13. 10. - 'Asah, to offer or do. — Relation of the Lord's Supper to the Sacrifice of the Passover. — Shachath, to slay. — Pasach, the Passover. — Shelem, the restitution-offering. — Chattah, the sin-offering. — The same in the N. T. — Asham, the guilt-offering. — Ishah, the fire-offering. — Nesec, the drink-offering. — Incense. — The free-will offering. — The wave and the heave-offering 207

CHAPTER XVII.

WORD, LAW, COMMANDMENT, CHARGE, COVENANT.

Revelation regarded as the Word of the Lord. — Modes of expressing the Word in the O. T. and the N. T. — Hebrew names for Law ; for Commandments. — Terms used in the 119th Psalm. — The Law and Commandments in the N. T. — The words for Covenant in the O. and N. T. 324

CHAPTER XVIII.

WORSHIP, PRAY, PRAISE, PREACH, TEACH.

Words used for Worship. — Shachah, to prostrate oneself. — Worship rendered to Christ. — Other references to Worship in the N. T. — Hebrew and Greek words which express Prayer, Praise, and Blessing. — Bashar, to evangelise, and Kara, to proclaim. — Ecclesiastes, or the Preacher. — Preaching in the N. T. — Words used to express Teaching 341

CHAPTER XIX.

TEMPLE, TABERNACLE, CONGREGATION, CHURCH.

Hebrew and Greek words for Temple, Sanctuary, and Tabernacle. — The Feast of Tabernacles. — Kahal, its meaning and usage. — 'Adah, the Congregation or Testimony. — The Tabernacle of the Congregation. — The Holy Convocation. — Ecclesia and Synagogue. — Church organisation. — Other senses of Ecdesia 359

CHAPTER XX.

PROPHET, PRIEST, ELDER, MINISTER

Hebrew names for a Prophet. — Chozeh, or the Seer. — Cohen, or the Priest. — Zacen, or the Elder. — The 'Ancients.'— Christian Presbyters. — Shereth, or the Minister. — Representatives. — 'Eved' or the Servant in the N. T. 377

CHAPTER XXI.

KING, JUDGE, CONDEMN, PUNISH, REVENGE.

Hebrew words representing Royalty, Rule, and Judgment. — The judicial and the administrative offices. — Meaning of Shaphath. — Judgment and Condemnation in the N. T. — Words used for Punishment and Vengeance, in the O. T. and N. T. 393

CHAPTER XXII.

HEATHEN, NATION, PEOPLE, TRIBE, FAMILY.

Goim, or Heathen. — 'Am, or People. — Other words rendered People. — Distinction between $8voi and Xa6s in the N. T. — The expression 'all nations'—

Words for Tribe and Family 405

CHAPTER XXIII.

LAND, EARTH, WORLD.

Adamah or Soil. — Passages in which it has been rendered Earth. — Distinction between damah and Erets. — Other words rendered Earth. — Earth and Land in the N. T. — Words for World in the O. T. and N. T. 412

CHAPTER XXIV.

HEAVEN, HOST OF HEAVEN, FIRMAMENT.

Words for Heaven in the O. T. and N. T. — 'The Queen of Heaven' — The Host of Heaven.' — 'The Firmament', ideas conveyed by the Hebrew and the Greek words 418

CHAPTER XXV.

DESTROY, PERISH.

Words used to express Destruction. — Meaning and usage of Avad, Shachath, Shamad, and Charam. — Representatives in the N. T. — The extermination of the Canaanites 425

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE GRAVE, HELL, DEATH.

Passages in which Sheol occurs — Meaning of the word. — References to Hades in the N. T. — Notes on passages in the N. T. — Hebrew words which express Death. — Rephaim. — 'Thou shalt surely die.' — Peculiar use of the word Death in the N. T. — Relationship between sin and death. — The Second Death 443

CHAPTER XXVII.

SATAN, TEMPTER, SERPENT.

Existence and influence of evil spirits. — Meanings of the word Sair, Shed, and Satan. — The words Satan, Devil, and Demon in the N. T. — Hebrew words which signify Temptation. — Conclusion as to the meaning of the words. — Their Greek equivalents. — Hebrew names for the Serpent and the Dragon 455

CHAPTER XXVIII.

WITCH, DIVINER, FAMILIAR SPIRIT, MAGICIAN.

Ancient and Modern Spiritualism. — Cashaph, or the Witch. — Kesem, or the Diviner. — Ob, or the Familiar Spirit. — The Witch of Endor. — Id'oni, or the Wizard. — Chartummim, or magicians. — Gezar, or the Soothsayer. — Other words of similar import 471

CHAPTER XXIX.

IDOL, TERAPHIM, GROVE, HIGH PLACE.

Man's tendency to materialism. — Hebrew words for Idols. — 'Abomination' in the N. T. — Usage and meaning of 'etsev. — Hebrew and Greek words signifying image or similitude. — Other words referring to idolatry. — Fulke and Martin's controversy on the word image. — Mitsvah, or the Pillar. — The Chamonim. — Asherah, or the Grove. — Bamah, or the High Place. — The Teraphim 448

CHAPTER XXX.

ETERNAL, EVERLASTING, THE AGE TO COME.

The word 'ad, and its Greek renderings. — Netsach, or 'Utterly.' — Tamid, or 'Perpetually' — Orec, Dor, Kedem, Yom, Eth, 'Olam, N. T. representatives of these words. — The Age to Come 495

Index of Subjects 507

" Hebrew Words 511

" Greek Words 513

" Texts 515