CONTENTS.

Bibliography xi

CHAP. I. — Introductory. — Outline of Study. — Problem of the Crusades.- Outline of Preliminary Study 1

CHAP. II. — State of Society. — Ignorance. — Dulness of Life. — Superstition. — Low Sense of Justice. — Cruelty. — Taste for War. — Sporadic Culture. — Great Men. — Budding Art. — Ignorance. — Few Industries. — Degradation. — Narrow Limitation of Life. — Superstition. — Laws. — Private Combat. — The Ordeal. — Hardness of Manners. — Brutality. — Cruelties. — Love of War. — Cruelty of Greeks 6

CHAP. III. — Chivalry. — Rules. — Education of Knight. — Ceremonies. — Influence on Character. — Rules of Chivalry. — Rites. — Defects 26

CHAP. IV. — The Feudal System. — General Principles- Influence on People. — Minute Subdivision of Europe. — Baronial Independence. — Bondage of the Masses. — Communes. — Feudalism and the Crusades 32

CHAP. V. — The Impoverished Condition of Europe. — Pauperism at Home. — Plenty Abroad 40

CHAP. VI. — The Papal Policy. — Demoralization of the World and the Church. — Hildebrand's Purpose Inherited BY His Successors. — Corruption of the Papacy. — Hildebrand's Plan of Reform. — Previous Prestige of the Papacy 43

CHAP. VII. — The Mohammedan Menace. — The Rise of Islam. — Saracens. — Turks. — The Doctrine of Islam. — Koran and Caliphate. — Rapid Conquest by the Saracens. — Saracens among Christians. — The Turks. — Conquest by the Turks 51

CHAP. VIII. — Pilgrimages. — Origin and Growth of the Custom. — Extent. — Rise of the Custom of Pilgrimage. — Pilgrim Superstitions. — Incentives to Pilgrimage 64

THE STORY OF THE CRUSADES.

CHAP, IX. — The Story of the Crusades. — The Summons. — Peter the Hermit. — Pope Urban. — Popular Excitement. — Peter the Hermit. — Universal Enthusiasm. — Europe Swarms Eastward 71

THE FIRST CRUSADE.

CHAP. X. — The First Crusade. — The Crusade of the Crowd. — Walter the Penniless. — Peter. — Gottschalk. — Volkman. — Emico. — General Disaster 78

CHAP. XI. — The Crusade under the Chieftains, Godfrey, Raymond, Bohemond, Tancred, Hugh, Robert of Normandy. — Godfrey. — Raymond. — Bohemond. — Tancred. — Hugh. — Robert of Normandy. — Various Routes of the Chieftains. — Character of Alexius. — Fear of Latins 82

CHAP. XII. — The Fall of Nicaea. — Contrast of Christian and Moslem Soldier. — Capture of Nicaea. — Treachery of Alexius 91

CHAP. XIII. — Battle of Dorylaeum. — Tarsus. — Defection of Baldwin. — Victory of Dorylseum. — Capture of Tarsus- Baldwin Seizes Edessa 96

CHAP. XIV. — Before Antioch. — The Crusaders before Antioch. — Discouragement of the Christians. — Exploits. — Battles of Children 101

CHAP. XV. — The Fall of Antioch. — Treachery of Phirous. — Capture of Antioch 108

CHAP. XVI. — The Holy Lance. — Kerbogha Invests Antioch. — The Holy Lance. — Kerbogha Routed. — The Holy Lance Discredited 112

CHAP. XVII. — On to Jerusalem. — The Crusaders Enter Palestine. — On to Jerusalem 120

CHAP. XVIII. — The Capture of Jerusalem. — Suffering before Jerusalem. — Procession around the City. — Final Assault. — Christian Cruelty. — Jerusalem Despoiled 125

CHAP. XIX. — Godfrey, First Baron of the Holy Sepulchre. — Conquest of the Land. — The Kingdom of Jerusalem. — Godfrey's Rule. — Victory at Ascalon. — Return of Crusaders. — Godfrey's Prowess. — Death of Godfrey 134

CHAP. XX. — Baldwin I., King of Jerusalem. — Baldwin I., King of Jerusalem. — Ruse of Bohemond. — Death of Tancred 144

CHAP. XXI. — King Baldwin II. — King Foulque. — King Baldwin III. — Exploits of Zenghi. — Rise of Nourredin. — Reign of Baldwin II. — King Foulque. — King Baldwin III. — Fall of Edessa 150

CHAP. XXII. — Military Orders. — Hospitallers. — Templars. — Teutonic Knights. — The Hospitallers. — Templars. — Teutonic Knights 156

CHAP. XXIII. — Europe between the First and Second Crusades. — Kingship in France. — Papal Aggrandizement. — Abelard. — Arnold of Brescia. — Bernard. — Kingship in France. — Abelard. — Arnold of Brescia. — Bernard's Influence 160

THE SECOND CRUSADE.

CHAP. XXIV. — The Second Crusade. — Bernard. — Conrad III. — Louis VII. — Suger. — Siege of Damascus. — Bernard Preaches Crusade. — Start of French and Germans. — Disastrous Beginning. — The Kings Reach Palestine. — Divisions among Crusaders. — Abbe' Suger 166

CHAP. XXV. — Nourredin. — Rise of Saladin. — King Guy- Queen Sibylla. — Nourredin. — Baldwin. — Amaury. — Rise of Saladin. — Baldwin IV. — Sibylla and King Guy 178

CHAP. XXVI. — Battle of Tiberias. — Fall of Jerusalem. — The Field of Tiberias. — Crusaders' Overthrow at Tiberias. — Fall of Jerusalem. — Magnanimity of Saladin 186

CHAP. XXVII. — Europe between the Second and Third Crusades. — Superstition. — The Waldenses. — Degradation of the Papacy. — France under Louis. — England under Henry II. — Richard Coeur de Lion. — Superstition. — Waldenses. — France. — England. — Richard Coeur de Lion. — Coronation of Richard I. — Richard's Cruelty. 195

THE THIRD CRUSADE.

CHAP. XXVIII. — The Third Crusade. — William of Tyre. — Barbarossa. — Call to Crusade. — Frederick Barbarossa. — Bombast of Champions. — Death of Frederick Barbarossa 206

CHAP. XXIX. — Siege of Acre. — The Siege of Acre 215

CHAP. XXX. — The Coming of Philip Augustus and Richard. — Fall of Acre. — Sea Voyage of the English. — Richard Arrives in Palestine. — Crusaders Take Acre. — Finesse of Richard and Saladin. — Assassins. — Richard Retreats. — Peace with Saladin. — Captivity of Richard. — Death of Saladin 219

CHAP. XXXI. — Palestine after the Third Crusade- Henry VI. — Siege of Thoron. — Various Minor Crusades. — Siege of Thoron. — Discouragement of Christendom 236

THE FOURTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XXXII. — The Fourth Crusade. — History and Condition of Constantinople. — Weakness of Greek Emperors. — Foreign Aggressions. — Antipathy of Europeans. — Riches of Constantinople. — Suburban Wealth 242

CHAP. XXXIII. — The Summons to the Fourth Crusade. — Contract with Venice. — Egypt the Destination- Philip of Swabia. — Fulque. — Venetian Ships Hired. — Crusaders to Attack Egypt. — Inducement to Divert Crusade 253

CHAP. XXXIV. — The Plot for the Diversion of the Crusade. — Capture of Zara. — Dandolo's Treachery. — Fleet Sails against Zara. — Revolt of Crusaders. — Young Alexius's Promises 260

CHAP. XXXV. — On to Constantinople. — Capture of Galata. — Voyage to Constantinople. — Protest of the Greek Emperor. — Capture of the Golden Horn 268

CHAP. XXXVI. — Constantinople Secured to Isaac and Young Alexius. — Usurpation of Mourtzouphlos. — Assault upon the City. — Flight of Alexius. — Isaac Restored. — Young Alexius Coemperor. — Great Fire. — Mourtzouphlos. — Latins Attempt the Sovereignty 274

CHAP. XXXVII. — Capture of Constantinople. — Fall of Constantinople. — Plunder of the City. — Nicetas. — Relics Stolen 284

CHAP. XXXVIII. — Founding the Latin Kingdom op Con- stantinople. — Baldwin Elected Emperor. — Fatal Influence of the Fourth Crusade 291

CHAP. XXXIX. — Between the Fourth and Fifth Crusades. — Condition of East and West. — The Children's Crusade. — Eastern Disasters. — John of Brienne. — The Children's Crusade 296

THE FIFTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XL. — The Fifth Crusade. — Disaster of Marietta. — Start of the Crusaders. — Assault of Mount Tabor. — Damietta. — The Affair of Damietta. — Pelagius. — Francis of Assisi. — Disaster at Damietta 301

THE SIXTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XLI. — The Sixth Crusade. — Frederick II. and Pope Gregory IX. — Pope Gregory IX. — Papal Anathema of Frederick. — Frederick Acquires Jerusalem. — Return of Frederick. — Popular Discontent with the Pope 313

CHAP. XLIL. — Between the Sixth and Seventh Crusades. — The Tartars. — The Carismian Invasion. — Tartars. — Carismians. — Carismians at Jerusalem and Gaza 334

THE SEVENTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XLIII. — The Seventh Crusade. — St. Louis. — Innocent IV. and Frederick. — St Louis. — Personal Qualities. — Piety of Louis. — Takes the Cross. — Louis's Zeal for Crusade. — Delay at Cyprus. — Victory at Damietta. — Vice and Strife among the Victors. — Sultana Chegger-Eddour. — Foolhardiness of D'Artois. — Disaster at Mansourah. — Horrors of the Christian Retreat. — Heroism of Marguerite and Louis. — Massacre of the Sultan. — Escape of Louis to Acre. — Louis Lingers in Palestine. — Louis Returns to France 328

CHAP. XLIV. — The Eighth Crusade. — Death of St. Louis. — Fall of Acre. — Bibars Sultan. — Louis Remlists. — Death of St. Louis. — The Fall of Acre 361

CHAP. XLV. — Results of the Crusades. — Kingship- Unity of Europe. — The Papacy. — Liberal Thought- Increased Knowledge. — Arts. — Literature. — Commerce. — The Turkish Power. — Growth of European Kingdoms. — Unity of Europe. — Prestige of the Papacy. — Lost Prestige of the Papacy. — Popular Liberty. — Arts. — Education. — Commerce. — Wealth. — Rise of Ottomans 368

RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.