CONTENTS.

Preface vii

Table of Contents xi

Descriptive List of Illustrations xix

I. Introduction 1-25

§ 1. The Age of the Pilgrims.

Constantine and Helena, 3 — Chosroes and Heraclius, 4 — Rise of Mohammedanism, 5 — Arculf and Willibald, 9 — Charles the Great, 1 1 — Bernard of St. Michael's Mount, 12.

§ 2. The Eve of the Crusades.

The year 1000, 13— Revival of piety, 15— Eleventh Century Pilgrims, 17— Rise of the Seljuks, 19 — Constantinople in danger, 21 — The Normans, 23 — Gregory VI I. and Robert Guiscard, 25.

II. Peter the Hermit and Urban the Pope. 26-40

Peter at Jerusalem, 27— The Council of Clermont, 29— Urban preaches the Crusade, 31— Signs and Wonders, 33 — The preaching of Peter, 35 — Walter the Penniless, 37— Fate of the pilgrims, 39.

III.The First Crusade — The Muster and the March to Antioch 41-58

Godfrey de Bouillon, 43— Bohemond, 45 — Raymond of Toulouse, 47 — Robert of Normandy, 49 — The Crusaders at Constantinople, 51 — Schemes of Alexius, 53 — Siege of Nicaea, 55— Battle of Dorylseum, 57.

IV. The First Crusade — The Firstfruits of Conquest: Edessa and Antioch 59-76

§ 1. The Conquest of Edessa.

Baldwin at Edessa, 61 — A precarious lordship, 63.

§ 2. The Siege of Antioch.

The City of Antioch, 65— Troubles of the Crusaders, 67— Bohemond captures Antioch, 69 — Approach of Corbogha, 71— Invention of the Holy Lance, 73— Defeat of Corbogha, 75.

V. The First Crusade — The Capture of the Holy City 77-90

Raymond and Bohemond, 79 — The Crusaders at Marra, 81 — Peter Bartholomew, 83 — The Siege of Jerusalem, 85 — Quarrels and visions, 87— Procession round Jerusalem, 89 — Capture of Jerusalem, 91.

VI. Godfrey de Bouillon 93-107

Choosing a king, 93 — Quarrel with Raymond, 95 — Battle of Ascalon, 97 — The Christmas Feast, 99 — A hero of Romance, 101 — The fates of the Chiefs, 103— The Aquitanian Crusade, 105 — A disastrous expedition, 107.

VII. The Land and its Organisation. 109-129

Physical characteristics, ill — Edessa and Antioch, 113 — The County of Tripoli, 115 — The lordships of the Kingdom, 117 — The City of Jerusalem, 121 — The Assize of Jerusalem, 123— Officers and Courts, 125— Finance, 127— The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, 129.

VIII. The Conquest of the Land — Baldwin I 130-142

Lack of money and men, 133 — Dangers of the kingdom, 135 — Jaffa and Ramleh, 137 — Tiberias and Montreal, 139 — Character of Baldwin I., 141.

IX. The Conquest of the Land — The Franks in Northern Syria 143-158

Turkish feuds, 145 — Successes of Tancred, 147— Maudud of Mosul, 149 — Borsoki and Borsac, 151 — Roger's victory at Rugia, 153— Death of Roger, 155— Tripoli, 157.

X. The Conquest of the Land— Baldwin II 159-168

Baldwin II. and Il-Ghazi, 161— Captivity at KKartpert, 163 —Baldwin II. and Antioch, 165— The taking of Tyre, 167.

XI. The Military Orders 169-187 Gerard the Hospitaller, 171— The Rule of the Temple, 173 — Bernard and the Knights, 174 — The Hospitallers, 175 — The Knights in the East, 177— Wealth and its abuses, 179 — The Knights in the West, 181— The Lesser Orders, 183— Later fortunes, 185— Elements of strength and weakness, 187.

XII. The Kingdom at its Zenith — Fulk of Anjou 188-196

Character of Fulk, 189 — Antioch and Tripoli, 191— John Comnenus and Raymond of Antioch, 193— Hugh II. of Jaffa, 195 — Capture of Banias, 196.

XIII. Zangi and the Fall of Edessa 197-206

Despair of the Mohammedans, 199— Rise of Zangi, 201 — Mohammedan Conquests, 203— Fate of Joscelin II., 205.

XIV. The Second Crusade 207-221

Bernard of Clairvaux, 209 — Louis and Conrad, 211 — Manuel and the Crusaders, 215 — Disasters in Asia Minor, 217 — Siege of Damascus, 219 — Miserable termination, 221.

XV.Loss and Gain 222-237

§ 1. Baldwin III. and Ascalon.

Expedition to Bostra, 223— Baldwin III. and Melisend, 224— The Capture of Ascalon, 227— Theodoric of Flanders, 228 — Manuel at Antioch, 229— Character of Baldwin III., 231.

§ 2. The Struggle for Egypt.

Anarchy in Egypt, 233 — Shawir, Shirkuh, and Amalric, 235— Saladin lord of Egypt, 237.

XVI. The Rival Kings — Nur-ed-din and Amalric 238-248

Character of Nur-ed-din, 239 — The defender of Islam, 241 — Death of Nur-ed-din, 243 — Projects of Amalric, 244 — The Templars and the Assassins, 245 — Character of Amalric, 247.

XVII. The Rise of Saladin 249-264

A leper king, 250 — Raymond II. of Tripoli, 251— Philip of Flanders, 253 — Saracen invasions, 255 — A two years' truce, 257 — Siege of Beyrout, 259— Conquest of Aleppo, 261 — Saladin lord supreme, 263.

XVIII. The Fall of Jerusalem 265-281

Frankish dissensions, 267 — The two parties, 269 — The marriage of Botron, 271 — Coronation of Guy, 273— Battle of Nazareth, 275— Battle of Hattin, 277— Capture of the Holy City, 279— Joy in Islam, 281.

XIX. The Life of the People 282-304

Knightly training, 283 — Knightly accomplishments, 285 — Knightly amusements, 287— Intercourse with the Saracens, 291 — Luxury of the nobles, 291 — The country-folk, 292 — The Italian traders and the towns, 295 — The Pullani or Syrian Franks, 297 — Pilgrims and Merchants, 299— Commerce with the Far East, 301 — Weakness of the kingdom, 303.

XX. The Third Crusade — The Gathering of the Host 305-315

Princes and preachers, 307 — Frederick Barbarossa, 309 — March of Frederick, 311 — Richard I. and Philip Augustus, 313— Sicily and Cyprus, 315.

XXI. The Third Crusade — The Siege of Acre 316-326

Guy de Lusignan, 317— Siege of Acre, 319— Christian successes, 321 — Famine in the camp, 323 — Arrival of Richard, 325.

XXII. The Third Crusade — The Campaigns of Richard 327-348

French and English, 329 — Departure of Philip, 331— The coast march, 333 — Jaffa and Ascalon, 337 — Negotiations with Saladin, 339 — Conrad of Montferrat, 341 — The capture of the caravan, 343— Rescue of Jaffa, 345— Truce with Saladin, 347.

XXIII. Arms, Armour, and Armaments 349-366

Siege operations, 351— Siege castles, 353— Defensive armour, 354— Offensive weapons, 357— The hawk, the hound, and the horse, 359 — Castles and fortresses, 361 — Military organisation, 363 —Fleets and ships, 365.

XXIV. The Kingdom of Acre -The Struggle for Recovery 367-389

The death of Saladin, 368— The German Crusade, 369— The Fourth Crusade, 371— John de Brienne, 373 -The Fifth Crusade, 375— The. Siege of Damietta, 377— Frederick II., 379 — Frederick in Palestine, 381 — John of Ibelin and Richard Filangier, 383— Quarrels of the Ayubites, 385 — Richard of Cornwall, 387 — The Charismian Invasion, 389.

XXV. The Crusades of St. Louis and Edward I. 390-407

Flagging enthusiasm, 391 — A saintly king, 393 — The expedition to Egypt, 395 — Ruin of the French army, 399 — Louis in Palestine, 401— Death of St. Louis, 403— Edward in Palestine, 405— Attempted assassination, 407

XXVI. The Kingdom of Acre — Its Decay and Destruction 408-418

A kingless realm, 409 — Christian jealousies, 411— The Tar- tars and Mamluks, 413— Conquests of Bibars, 414 — The Fall of Acre, 417

XXVII. The Close of the Crusades 419-424

Fruitless projects, 420 — The Ottoman Turks, 421 — Rhodes and Cyprus, 423 — The pilgrim record, 424

XXVIII. Conclusion 425-451

Results of the Crusades, 427 — Influence on Politics, 429 — The Crusades and the Papacy, 431 — The Crusades and the Reformation, 433— Social influence, 435 — The Crusades and Commerce, 437 — Influence on Historical Literature, 441 — Influence on Geography and Science, 443— The Crusades and Romance, 445— True Character of the Crusades, 447 — Objects of the Crusades, 449— The Crusades not fruitless, 451

Genealogical Tables 452-456

Index 457

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.