An edition of History of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church
(1907)
History of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church
Volume 1
by Lea, Henry Charles, 1825-1909
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The history of sacerdotal celibacy in the Christian church
1907, Macmillan company
in English
- 3d ed., rev
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Book Details
Table of Contents
The History Of Sacerdotal Celibacy In The Christian Church, Volume 1
CONTENTS
Influence of the Church on modern civilisation 1
I. ASCETICISM
Character of early Judaism 4
Oriental and Hellenic influences 6
Growth of asceticism 7
Pauline Christianity 11
Admission that celibacy is of post-apostolic origin 13
II. THE ANTE-NICENE CHURCH
Early ascetic tendencies 17
Exaggerated in the heresies 20
Influence of Buddhism 22
Objection to second marriages 23
c. 150 "Digami" rejected from the ministry 25
Application of the Levitical rule 27
Growth of asceticism — self-mutilation 29
Vows of virginity and their results 31
c. 280 Influence of Manichaeism 33
Condemnation of marriage 36
305 First injunction of celibacy, by the Council of Elvira 43
314 Disregarded elsewhere 44
HI. THE COUNCIL OF NICEA
Growing centralisation of the Church 45
325 The first general council 46
It prohibits the residence of suspected women 46
The story of Paphnutius 50
325—350 Married priests not as yet interfered with 52
IV. LEGISLATION
348 — 400 Enforcement of voluntary vows 55
Prohibition of female ministry 56
362 Reaction — the Council of Gangra 58
384 Celibacy adopted by the Latin Church 59
385 Decretal of Siricius 68
V. ENFORCEMENT OF CELIBACY
Resistance to enforced asceticism 66
390 Jovinian 67
404 Vigilantius 70
390—419 The Church of Africa yields 74
401 Compromise of the Cis-Alpine Church 77
Popular assistance in enforcing celibacy 79
Effect of enforced celibacy on clerical morals 81
General demoralisation of society 84
VI. THE EASTERN CHURCH
Divergence between the East and the West 87
381 Compulsory celibacy unknown in the East 88
400 Council of Constantinople — Antony of Ephesus — Synesius 89
430 First enforcement of celibacy in Thessaly 91
Celibacy not obligatory 92
528 — 548 Legislation of Justinian 93
680 The Quinisext in Trullo— Discipline unchanged 94
900 Final legislation of Leo the Philosopher 97
The Nestorians — clerical marriage permitted 98
The Abyssinian Church 99
VII. MONACHISM
Buddhist model of monachism 101
Apostolic order of widows 103
Devotees in the primitive Church — no vows irrevocable 105
250 — 285 Paul the Thebaean and St. Antony 105
350 — 400 Increase of monachism 106
Early systems — vows not irrevocable 109
Greater strictness required of female devotees 109
c. 400 Marriages of nuns still valid 115
450 — 458 Conflicting legislation 116
Strictness of the Eastern Church — Political necessity of controlling monachism 117
890 — 456 Monks confined to their^convents 119
532 — 545 Justinian renders monastic vows irrevocable 120
Disorders of Western monachism 120
528 St Benedict of Nursia — vows not irrevocable under his rule 123
590 — 604 Gregory I. enforces the inviolability of vows 126
Continued irregularities of monachism 129
VIII. THE BARBARIANS
The Church and the Barbarians 130
The Merovingian bishops 132
The Spanish Arians 135
589 — 711 Neglect of discipline in Spain 135
557 — 580 State of discipline in Italy 186
Dilapidation of ecclesiastical property 137
590— 604 Reforms of Gregory the Great 139
IX. THE CARLO VINGIANS
Demoralisation of the VII. and VIII. centuries 141
Reorganising efforts of the Carlovingians 142
742—755 Labours of St. Boniface 145
Resistance of the married clergy 147
755 Pepin-le-Bref undertakes the reform 148
Sacerdotal celibacy re-established 149
Reforms of Charlemagne and Louis-le-Debonnaire — Their inefficiency 153
840 — 912 Increasing demoralisation under the later Carlovingians 154
874 Legal procedures prescribed by Hincmar 159
893 Sacerdotal marriage resumed 162
Barbarism of the tenth century — Debasement of the papacy 164
Tendency to hereditary benefices — Dilapidation of Church property 165
938 Leo VII. vainly prohibits sacerdotal marriage 169
952 It is defended by St. Ulric of Augsburg 171
925 — 967 Unsuccessfully resisted by Ratherius of Verona and Atto of Vercelli 172
Opposing influences among prelates 177
Relaxation of the canons 178
942—1054 Three Archbishops of Rouen 179
Indifference of Silvester II 181
Celibacy practically obsolete 182
XI. SAXON ENGLAND
Corruption of the ancient British Church 183
Asceticism of the Irish and Scottish Churches 184
597 Celibacy introduced among the Saxons by St. Augustin 185
Disorders in the Saxon nunneries 188
747, 787 Councils of Clovesho and Chelsea 189
Neglect of discipline in the ninth and tenth centuries 191
964 St. Dunstan undertakes a reformation 192
964—974 Energy of Edgar the Pacific 192
975 Reaction after the death of Edgar 197
1006 Failure of Dunstan's reforms 199
1009 Council of Enham — Sacerdotal polygamy 200
1032 Legislation of Cnut 201
Sacerdotal marriage established 202
XII. PETER DAMIANI
1022 Council of Pa via — Efforts to restore discipline 206
1081 Council of Bourges 207
Clerical marriage and profligacy 208
Revival of asceticism — San Giovanni Gualberto 213
1046 Henry III. undertakes the reformation of the Church — Clement II 214
St. Peter Damiani 216
1049 Leo IX 218
Damiani's Liber Gomorrhianus 219
Reformatory efforts of Leo — Councils of Rheims and Mainz 220
1051 — 1053 Attempts to reform the Italian clergy 221
Failure of the Reformation 222
1058 The Papacy independent — Damiani and Hildebrand 223
1059 Appeal to the laity for assistance 228
1059 Council of Melfi— Deposition of Bishop of Trani 231
1060 Damiani endeavours to reform the prelates 233
The persecuted clergy organise resistance 235
1061 Schismatic election of Cadalus 235
He is supported by the married clergy 236
1063 Renewed efforts of Alexander II. and Damiani 237
Their failure 240
XIII. MILAN
Milan the centre of Manichadsm 244
1045 Election of an archbishop — four disappointed competitors 245
Marriage universal among Milanese clergy 247
Landolfo and Arialdo excite the people 249
1056 Popular tumults — Plunder of the clergy 250
1058 The Synod of Fontaneto defends the married priests 250
A furious civil war results 251
1059 Damiani obtains the submission of the clergy 252
1061 Milan embraces the party of Cadalus 253
Death of Landolfo— Erlembaldo takes his place 254
1062 His success 255
1066 Excommunication of Archbishop Guido — Martyrdom of Arialdo 256
1067 Compromise and temporary truce 257
1069 Guido forced to resign — War between Gotefrido and Azzo for the succession 257
1075 Death of Erlembaldo — Tedaldo archbishop in spite of Gregory VII 259
Influence of celibacy on the struggle 260
1093—1095 Triumph of sacerdotalism 261
Similar trouble throughout Tuscany 262
XIV. HILDEBRAND
107S Election of Gregory VII. — His character 264
Necessity of celibacy to his scheme of theocratic supremacy
1074 Synod of Rome — Repetition of previous canons Attempts to enforce them throughout Europe — Resistance of the clergy 270
Three bishops — Otho of Constance — Altmann of Passau — Siegfrid of Mainz 271
1074 Gregory appeals to the laity 276
Resultant persecution of the clergy 279
1077 Violent resistance of the married clergy 281
Political complications 282
1085 Papalists and Imperialists both condemn sacerdotal marriage 285
XV. CENTRAL EUROPE
Depression of the Catholic party — Sacerdotal marriage connived at 287
1089 Urban II. renews the persecution 288
1094 Contumacy of the German priesthood 290
1105 Deposition of Henry IV. — Germany restored to Catholic unity 291
1118 — 1175 Sacerdotal marriage nevertheless common 292
1092 — 1257 First introduction of celibacy in Hungary 296
1197 — 1279 Introduction of celibacy in Poland 300
1218 — 1248 Disregard of the canons in Sweden 301
1117 — 1266 Their enforcement in Denmark 303
1219 — 1271 Their neglect in Friesland 303
XVI. FRANCE
1056 — 1064 Efforts to introduce sacerdotal celibacy 306
1074 — 1078 Contumacy of the clergy 307
1080 William the Conqueror intervenes — First allusion to licences to sin 308
Successful resistance of the Norman and Breton clergy 310
1076—1094 Troubles in Flanders 312
Confusion caused by the attempted reform 313
1095 Council of Clermont — Its canons disregarded 317
Condition of the monastic establishments 318
Hereditary transmission of benefices 320
Miracles invoked in aid of the reform 321
1119 Calixtus II. commences a new reform 322
Resistance of the Norman priesthood 323
Abelard and Heloise — Standard of morals erected by the Church 324
1212 Continuance of clerical marriage 326
XVII. NORMAN ENGLAND
1066 Canons not enforced by William I. 328
1076 First effort made by the Council of Winchester 329
1102 St. Anselm undertakes the reform — Council of London 331
Resistance of the priests — Failure of the movement 333
1104 Henry I. uses the reform as a financial expedient 334
1108 He enforces outward obedience 335
1126 Stubborn contumacy of the priesthood 336
1129 Henry again speculates on clerical immorality 337
1138 — 1171 Disorders of the English church 338
Consorts of priests no longer termed wives 339
1208 King John discovers their financial value 344
Venality of the ecclesiastical officials 345
"Focaria?" still universal 346
1215 Indignation of the clergy at the reforms of Innocent III 347
1237 Cardinal Otto and the Council of London 350
Popular poems concerning the reform 351
1250 — 1268 Gradual extinction of clerical marriage in England 354
Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln 356
Fruitless legislation against concubinage 357
12th-15th C. Sacerdotal marriage in Wales 358
XVIII. IRELAND AND SCOTLAND
Degradation of the Irish Church prior to the twelfth century 360
1130 — 1149 Reforms of St. Malachi — Influence of Rome 361
Monastic character of the reformed Church 362
1186 — 1320 Condition of the Church in the English Pale 364
Degeneration of the Scottish Culdees 366
1124 — 1153 David I. reforms the Church and re-establishes celibacy 367
1225 — 1268 Immorality of the Scottish clergy 368
XIX. SPAIN
11th Cent. Independent barbarism of the Spanish Church — Marriage universal 369
1068 — 1080 Encroachments of Rome — sacerdotal marriage condemned 371
1101 — 1129 Reforms of Diego Gelmirex — Marriage not interfered with 373
1260 Legislation of Alfonso the Wise — Concubinage universal 378
1323 Concubinage organised as a safeguard by the laity 380
Corruption throughout the middle ages 382
XX. GENERAL LEGISLATION
1123 Marriage now first dissolved by Holy Orders 385
1130 The innovation not as yet enforced 386
1139 Sacerdotal marriage formally declared void by the Second Council of Lateran 388
1148 Confirmed by the Council of Rheims — Denied by Gratian — Implication of vows in Orders 389
1150 The new doctrine receives no obedience 390
1158—1181 Alexander III. insists upon it 393
But excepts immoral ecclesiastics 394
Conflict of rules and exceptions 395
1206 — 1328 Cases of Bossaert d'Avesnes and Piero di Corbario Alexander III. proposes to restore clerical marriage 398
1187 — 1198 Efforts of the Popes to enforce the canons 403
1215 Fourth Council of Lateran — Triumph of sacerdotalism 405
XXI. RESULTS
Recognition of the obligation of celibacy 408
Increase of immorality 409
13th-15th C. Fruitless attempts to restrain corruption — Neutralised by papal dispensations 411
1231 Recognition of children of ecclesiastics 417
1225 — 1416 Efforts to restrict hereditary transmission 418
1317 Recognition of concubinage 420
Successful resistance to reform 422
12th-15thC. Morals of the papal court 424
Influence on society of sacerdotal celibacy 430
Influence of monachism 445
XXII. THE MILITARY ORDERS
1120 Knights of St. John vowed to celibacy 451
1128 Knights of the Temple vowed to celibacy 451
1175 Knights of Santiago allowed to marry 453
1441 Marriage permitted to the Orders of Calatrava and Montesa 454
1496 And to the Orders of Avis and Jesus Christ 455
1167 Order of St. Michael allowed to marry once 456
Reforms attempted in the Order of St. John 457
The Teutonic Knights 457
XXIII. THE HERESIES
Asceticism of mediaeval Manichseism 459
Difficulty of combating it 461
1146 Antisacerdotalism — The Petrobrusians and Henricians 463
1148 Eon de l'Etoile 465
c. 1160 The Waldenses 466
Begghards — Brethren of the Free Spirit 469
The Apostles — John of Pirna — Jean de Varennes 472
1377 Wickliffe 474
1394 The Lollards denounce clerical celibacy 476
1415 — 1438 The Hussites — They maintain ascetic celibacy 477
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| May 18, 2020 | Edited by CoverBot | Added new cover |
| November 1, 2015 | Edited by ww2archive | added edition |
| November 1, 2015 | Created by ww2archive | Added new book. |