An edition of An elementary handbook of logic
(1918)
An elementary handbook of logic
by Toohey, John Joseph
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SECTION PAGE
1. The Definition of Logic 1
CHAPTER I
APPREHENSION AND THE IDEA
2. Apprehension: Its Material and Formal Object: Idea 3
3. Comprehension and Extension of an Idea 4
4. Prescission: Abstraction: Reflection 5
5. Direct and Reflex Idea 7
6. Clear, Distinct, and Comprehensive Idea 7
7. Concrete and Abstract Idea 7
8. Singular, Universal, and Collective Idea 8
9. Contradictory, Contrary, Relative, and Disparate Ideas 9
CHAPTER II
THE TERM
10. Sign: Natural and Arbitrary 11
11. Word: Categorematic and Syncategorematic 11
12. Term: Simple and Complex 12
13. Concrete and Abstract Term 12
14. Absolute and Relative Term 12
15. Singular, Collective, and Common Term 13
16. Univocal, Equivocal, Distributed, and Undistributed Term 13
17. Connotation and Denotation of a Term. 14
18. Supposition of Terms: Its Various Kinds 14
CHAPTER III
JUDGMENT
SECTION PAGE
19. Judgment: Its Matter and Form: Affirmative and Negative 18
20. A priori, A posteriori, Immediate, and Mediate Judgment 20
CHAPTER IV
THE CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
21. Categorical Proposition: Its Matter and Form 22
22. Quality of Categorical Propositions: Affirmative and Negative 23
23. Quantity of Categorical Propositions: Universal and Particular 24
24. Indesignate Proposition : Singular Proposition in Argument 26
25. Signs of Quantity: Force of the Sign "Few" 27
26. Relation of the Comprehension of the Predicate to that of the Subject 28
27. Natural and Unnatural Proposition 29
28. Symbolical Representation of Propositions 30
29. Distribution of the Predicate 30
30. Conversion of Affirmative Propositions. 31
31. Conversion of Negative Propositions 32
32. Simple and Compound Categorical Propositions 33
33. Formal Compound Categorical Propositions. 33
34. Elliptical Compound Categorical Propositions 34
35. Assertoric and Modal Categorical Propositions 36
36. Opposite Categorical Propositions: Contradictory, Contrary, Subcontrary, and Subaltern Propositions 38
CHAPTER V
EDUCTION
37. Import and Implication of Categorical Proposition: Eduction: Positive and Negative Terms 42
38. Conversion 44
39. Obversion 47
40. Contraposition 48
41. Inversion 51
42. Eduction by an Added Determinant 53
43. Eduction by an Omitted Determinant 54
44. Eduction by Complex Conception 54
45. Eduction by Converse Relation 55
CHAPTER VI
THE ACT OF INFERENCE
46. Act of Inference: Its Matter and Form: Logical Dependence or Sequence: Act of Inference not a Judgment 57
47. A priori, A posteriori, Immediate, and Mediate Inference 61
CHAPTER VII
THE HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION
48. Hypothetical Proposition : Its Matter and Form 63
49. Opposite Hypothetical Propositions 64
50. Import and Implication of Hypothetical Proposition 65
51. Disjunctive Proposition: Its Matter and Form 67
52. Interpretation of the Proposition "No man can be noble and base" 69
53. Fundamental Laws of Thought 70
CHAPTER VIII
THE PROCESS OF INFERENCE AND THE SYLLOGISM
54. Process of Inference : Its Premises and Conclusion 73
55. Argument: Syllogism 74
CHAPTER IX
THE MIXED HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
56. Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism 75
57. Rules of the Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism 76
58. Fallacies of the Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism 79
59. Disjunctive Syllogism 79
60. Conjunctive Syllogism 82
CHAPTER X
THE SIMPLE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
61. Simple Categorical Syllogism 83
62. Full Expression of the Simple Categorical Syllogism 84
63. Axioms of Identity and Diversity: Essence of the Simple Categorical Syllogism' 85
64. Matter and Form of the Simple Categorical Syllogism 86
65. Laws of the Truth and Falsity of Valid Conclusions 87
CHAPTER XI
FIGURES AND MOODS OF THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
66. Figure of a Categorical Syllogism 90
67. Mood of a Categorical Syllogism 92
68. Advantages of the Method of the Dicta 92
69. Dicta of the First, Second, and Third Figures 93
70. Interpretation of the Dicta of the Second and Third Figures 96
71. Rules and Moods of the First Figure 98
72. Rules and Moods of the Second Figure 99
73. Rules and Moods of the Third Figure: Rules of the
Three First Figures Proved Independently of the Dicta 100
74. Rules and Moods of the Fourth Figure 105
75. Subaltern Moods: The Mnemonic Lines 106
CHAPTER XII
GENERAL RULES OF THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
76. Rules of the Three First Figures Compared with the
General Rules of the Categorical Syllogism 108
77. Statement of the General Rules of the Categorical Syllogism 109
78. Comment on Three of the General Rules 109
79. Explanation of the First General Rule 110
80. Apparent Exceptions to the First General Rule 112
81. Explanation of the Second General Rule 114
82. Explanation of the Fourth General Rule 115
83. Apparent Exceptions to the Fourth General Rule 116
84. Explanation of the Fifth and Sixth General Rules. 117
85. Apparent Exceptions to the Fifth General Rule 118
86. Apparent Exceptions to the Sixth General Rule 119
87. Explanation of the Eighth General Rule 119
88. Apparent Exceptions to the Eighth General Rule 120
CHAPTER XIII
REDUCTION OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
89. Reduction: Original Purpose of Reduction: Direct and Indirect Reduction 122
90. Direct and Indirect Reduction Illustrated 123
91. Explanation of the Mnemonic Lines 124
CHAPTER XIV
THE PURE HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM AND OTHER TYPES OF ARGUMENT
92. General Remark 128
93. Pure Hypothetical Syllogism: Its Figures and Rules 128
94. Dilemma 131
95. Rules of the Dilemma 134
96. Some Famous Dilemmas and Sophisms. 137
97. Enthymeme 139
98. Poly syllogism 140
99. Sorites: Aristotelian, Goclenian, and Pure Hypothetical 141
100. Rules of the Aristotelian and the Goclenian Sorites 145
101. Expository Syllogism 146
CHAPTER XV
THE PREDICABLES AND THE CATEGORIES
102. The Predicables: Genus: Specific Difference: Species: Property: Accident 148
103. Remarks on the Genus and Specific Difference 151
104. Proximate, Supreme, and Subaltern Genus 153
105. The Categories 154
106. Tree of Porphyry 155
107. Predicables Represented by Direct Universal Ideas 155
CHAPTER XVI
LOGICAL DIVISION
108. Logical Division : Basis of Division : Dichotomy 157
109. Physical, Metaphysical, and Verbal Division 158
110. Rules of Logical Division 159
CHAPTER XVII
DEFINITION
111. Explanation of Definition 162
112. Nominal and Real Definition 163
113. Essential, Genetic, Distinctive, Descriptive, Physical, and Causal Definition 164
114. Limits of Real Definition 166
115. Rules of Real Definition 168
CHAPTER XVIII
FALLACIES
116. General Remark on Fallacies 171
117. Fallacies in dictione and extra dictionem 172
118. Equivocation 173
119. Amphiboly 174
120. Composition 175
121. Division 175
122. Composition and Division 176
123. Accent: Special Pleading: Quibbling 178
124. Verbal Form or Figura dictionis 179
125. Accident or Moral Universal 180
126. Secundum quid or Special Case: False Analogy 182
127. Ignoratio elenchi or Evading the Question 182
128. Petitio principii or Begging the Question: Vicious Circle : Question-begging Epithet 187
129. Non causa pro causa or Fabricated Absurdity: False Cause or Post hoc, ergo propter hoc 190
130. Consequent or Non sequitur 191
131. Complex or Insinuating Question: Insinuation or Innuendo 197
APPENDIX
Note on Section 21 : The Copula 199
Note on Section 29 : I. The Distribution of the Predicate 200
II. Class Mode of Reading Propositions : Quantification of the Predicate
Note on Section 45: Immediate Inferences 217
Note on Section 55 : The Definition of the Syllogism 218
Note on Section 74: The Fourth Figure 221
Note o'n Section 80: Relative Terms in the Categorical Syllogism 223
Note on Section 93: The Pure Hypothetical Syllogism 225
References 227
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| September 12, 2020 | Edited by MARC Bot | import existing book |
| May 16, 2020 | Edited by CoverBot | Added new cover |
| January 23, 2016 | Edited by ww2archive | added edition |
| January 23, 2016 | Created by ww2archive | Added new book. |